CHEMICAL PROCESSESAnatomy and PhysiologyUnit 2

Energy Energy- the ability to do work or to put

matter into motion.

Kinetic energy-moving objects

Potential energy- inactive or stored energy

Types of Energy Chemical energy- stored in the bonds of

chemical substances. When bonds are broken the stored energy is released All activities of the body are ran by

chemical energy Electrical energy- movement of charged

particles. In the body, ions move across cell

membranes.

Types of Energy Mechanical energy- directly involved in

moving matter.

Radiant energy- travels in waves (energy from the electromagnetic spectrum) Important to vision. Helps our bodies make Vitamin D

Any energy that seems to be lost is given off as heat

Atomic Structure Protons- have positive charge and are in the

nucleus. Makes up half of the mass of the atom

Neutrons- have a neutral charge and are in the nucleus. Makes up half of the mass of the atom.

Electrons- have negative charge and are in the outer rings of the atom.

Element Atomic symbol % of body mass

Role

Major 96.1%Oxygen O 65 Essential ATP making

Carbon C 18.5 All organic molecules

Hydrogen H 9.5 pH of body fluids

Nitrogen N 3.2 Proteins and nucleic acids

Lesser 3.9%Calcium Ca 1.5 Muscle contractions,

neural, blood clotting

Phosphorus P 1.0 ATP, nucleic acid

Potassium K 0.4 Nerve impulse and muscle contraction

Sulfur S 0.3 Proteins

Sodium Na 0.2 Water balance, nerve impulse, muscle contraction

Chlorine Cl 0.2 Anion

Magnesium Mg 0.1 Enzyme activity

Iodine I 0.1 Thyroid horomone

Iron Fe 0.1 Transports oxygen and enzymes

Atomic Structure Atomic number- number of protons

Atomic mass- is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Isotopes- variations of number of neutrons in a nucleus.

Ionic Bonds Form when electrons are completely

transferred from one atom to another. Ion- is a charged particle Negatively charged atom- anion Positively charged atom- cation Example is salts: NaCl When group 1 and group 7 combine Electrolytes- conducts electrical current in

solution Metal and nonmetal

Covalent Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds

Covalent Shared valence electrons Example: O2, CH4 Polar: water means there is a positive end and a

negative end. Nonpolar: little reactivity, electrons are shared equally

so there is little attraction between molecules Hydrogen

Extremely weak bonds Water molecules Helps maintain structure of protein molecules

Water Inorganic Compound- most abundant inorganic

compound in the body. 1. High heat capacity- absorbs and releases large

amounts of heat before its temperature changes appreciably. Prevents the sudden changes in body temperature.

2. Polarity/ solvent properties- excellent solvent. “universal solvent”

3. Chemical reactivity- digest foods or break down biological molecules, hydrolysis reactions

4. Cushioning- cerebrospinal fluid cushion around the brain. Amniotic fluid is another example.

Acids and Bases Acids:

Sour taste, releases H+ ions, proton donors Stomach acid (HCl), acetic acid, carbonic acid The more H+ you have the stronger the acid.

Bases: Bitter taste and feel slippery and are proton

acceptors. OH- hydroxyl ion Bicarbonate ion (base in blood) Weak base

Neutralization reaction- when acids and bases are mixed together.

pH 0-14 7 is neutral Buffers- weak acids

and weak bases. -blood pH is 7.35 to

7.45 If the blood becomes

to acidic the amount of oxygen the blood has declines

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates- sugars, and starches: contain

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Hydrogen and Oxygen occur in a 2:1 ratio still in

these molecules. C6H10O5 Monosaccharides: one sugar: simple sugar

Single ring or chain molecule. Has 3- 7 carbon atoms Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose Glucose is cellular fuel Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose Ribose and deoxyribose form part of the structure of

nucleic acids and other organic molecules.

More about carbohydrates Disaccharides: double sugars

Two simple sugars are joined by a synthesis reaction (dehydration synthesis) water molecule is lost as the bond forms

Sucrose (glucose and galactose) cane sugar Lactose (glucose and galactose) milk Maltose (glucose and glucose) malt sugar As water is added to each bond the bond is

broken and the simple sugar units are released.

More Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: many sugars, long

branching chains of linked simple sugars. Large insoluable molecules and are ideally

storage products. Lack sweetness of simple sugars Starches : formed in plants

Grain products, root vegetables Glycogen : animal tissue muscles and liver.

ATP molecules: Energy

Lipids Are a large and diverse group Enter the body by: fat-marbled meats,

egg yolks, milk products, oils Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

atoms

Lipid Type Location/functionNeutral fats (triglycerides)

Fat deposits; protects body organs; stored energy

Phospholipids(Cephalin)

Cell membranes; transports lipids; brain and nervous tissue; insulating white matter

SteroidsCholesterol All body steroids

Bile Salts Breakdown cholesterol; released by the liver; aid in fat digestion and absorption

Vitamin D Skin, normal bone growth and functionSex Horomones Estrogen and progesterone, testosteroneAdrenal cortical

horomonesCortisol, antistress horomone, aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance.

Other lipoid substancesFat-soluable vitamins:

A Orange vegetables and fruit; visionE Wheat germ and green leafy veges; wound healing;

help fight some cancersK Intestinal bacteria; proper clotting in blood

Prostaglandins Blood pressure; gastrointestinal tract movement; inflammation

Lipoproteins HDL and LDL

Fats Neutral Fats- triglycerides: fatty acids

and glycerol. Form an E shape Saturated fats: animal fats Unsaturated fats: plants Large amounts of energy and stored in fat

deposits Protects from heat loss and jarring.

Homeostatic Imbalance Atherosclerosis: deposit of fatty

substances in artery walls and eventually arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries.

Olive oil is a healthy alternative to eating saturated fats.

Proteins 50 % of the organic matter in the body Some are construction materials Others are cell function molecules. Contain: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,

nitrogen, and sulfur. Amino acids- building blocks of proteins 20 amino acids Made by our genes

Fibrous and Globular proteins Fiberous proteins- strandlike; structure

proteins, build Collagen- bones, cartilage, and tendons

Most abundant protein in the body. Keratin- hair, nails and material that makes skin

tough. Globular proteins- spherical molecules crucial

roles in virtually all biological processes. Functional proteins: antibodies, Hormones,

Transport proteins, Catalysts (enzymes)

Nucleic Acid Make up the genes, which provides the basic blueprint

of life. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms Nucleotide: three basic parts- 1) nitrogen base 2)

pentose sugar 3) a phosphate group. Bases: A adenin, T thymine, C cytosine, G guanine.

DNA: genetic material 1)replicates itself 2)instructions for building every protein in the body.

RNA: carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA A adenine, U uricil, C cytosine, G guanine

DNA is a double helix

ATP Means energy Without ATP life is haulted Modified nucleotide: adenine, ribose

sugar, and three phosphate Compared to a tightly coiled spring that

is ready to uncoil with tremendous energy

ATP→ADP + P + E

Questions to consider1. Energy that is directly involved in moving matter is ?2. The movement of ions across cell memebranes is an

example of what kind of energy?3. 96% of the human body is composed of the elements?4. The most abundant element in the human body is?5. What is the role of calcium?6. What is the role of phosphorus?7. What is the role of magnesium?8. What is the correct location of subatomic particles?9. What are the charges of subatomic particles?10. What best describes and electron: charge, weight, and

location

Questions to consider1. Carbohydrates are stored as what in the liver and muscles?2. What is true about ATP molecules?3. What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?4. How does radiant energy travel?5. The lower the pH the greater the number of hydrogen ions. (T

or F)6. Compounds that ionize completely, producing large numbers

of hydrogen ions (protons), are a weak base. (T or F)7. A solution with a pH above 12 is an acid.(T or F)8. The normal pH of blood is 7.4. (T or F)9. Enzymes decrease the rates of chemical reactions. (T or F)10. Discuss the major properties of water that make it so vital to

the proper functioning of the body.

Questions to consider1. Atomic number of an atom reveals the number of what?2. Isotopes have what? (protons, neutrons, electrons)3. The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior

of atoms are what?4. When sodium reactes with chlorine what is happening positively and

negatively?5. When a pair of electrons is shared unequally between two atoms, the

bond formed is called what?6. Why is water useful in body processes?7. Which of the following solutions is the weakest acid?

a. pH of 2.4b. pH of 5.2c. pH of 6.4

8. Acids are what?9. What is an example of an inorganic molecule?10. Starch is an example of a(n)?

Questions to consider1. Keratin and collagen are examples of what?2. What are the disaccharides:3. The organic compounds that function in building tissues

and acting as enzymes are what?4. Neutral fats?5. Vitamin A can be described as what?6. Bile salts are what?7. What about enzymes is true?8. Globular proteins are what?9. What is true about RNA? (single or double strand)10. Carbohydrates are built up from their basic building

blocks by the: