chemical compounds of life. organic compounds – must contain the element carbon – most contain...

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE


• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– MUST CONTAIN THE

ELEMENT CARBON– MOST CONTAIN THE

ELEMENT HYDROGEN– MANY CONTAIN OXYGEN

AND NITROGEN

• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS– IF A SUBSTANCE IS NOT

ORGANIC, THEN…


• WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT, AWESOME, AMAZING INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT MATTERS THE MOSTEST?


• WATER – THE IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND– THE MAJORITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CAN

OCCUR ONLY IN WATER!!– UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER

BECOMES ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE


• WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE– REGIONS WITH PARTIAL

POSITIVE AND PARTIALNEGATIVE CHARGES

• BECAUSE OF THISPOLARITY, WATER HASSOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES


• WATER PROPERTIES INCLUDE– COHESION– SURFACE TENSION– ADHESION– CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY

ACTION)


• STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– CARBON OFFERS

INCREDIBLE FLEXIBILITY IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS

– THERE ARE 4 MAJORGROUPS OF ORGANICCOMPOUNDS


• FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS– CARBOHYDRATES– LIPIDS– PROTEINS– NUCLEIC ACIDS


• CARBOHYDRATES– COMPOUNDS OF

CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN

– ALWAYS HAVE THE SAME RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN (2:1)

– MONOSACCHARIDES(SIMPLE SUGARS)

– CHEMICAL NAMES OFSUGARS ALMOST ALWAYS END IN “-OSE”


• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– THE PROCESS BY WHICH

MOLECULES CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER

– OCCURS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE AND FUSING THE RESULTING SUBSTANCES TOGETHER


• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– WHEN JOINING TWO MONOSACCHARIDES

TOGETHER, THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A DISACCHARIDE


• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– WHEN MULTIPLE SIMPLE

SUGARS ARE JOINED TOGETHER THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A POLYSACCHARIDE


• IF MOLECULES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER, THEY MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO BE BROKEN APART

• THIS PROCESS IS CALLED HYDROLYSIS


• LIPIDS


• LIPIDS– CONSIST OF THE SUBSTANCES COMMONLY

CALLED FATS, OILS, AND WAXES– CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN…

HOWEVER, NOT IN THE SAME RATIO AS CARBOHYDRATES

– FORMED THROUGH THE FUSION OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID MOLECULES


• LIPIDS


• LIPIDS– SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS


• LIPIDS– CHOLESTEROL• A SPECIAL TYPE OF LIPID


• NUCLEIC ACIDS– DNA VS RNA– SUBUNITS ARE CALLED

NUCLEOTIDES– WILL DISCUSS THIS

MORE IN FUTURE CHAPTERS


• PROTEINS– COMPOUNDS THAT

CONTAIN NITROGEN, ALONG WITH CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

– THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS(A.K.A. PEPTIDES)


• PEPTIDES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER BY…• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS– RESULTS IN

DIPEPTIDES– RESULTS IN

PEPTIDEBONDS


• SINCE THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND THEY CAN BE PUT TOGETHER IN ANY COMBINATION WHEN FORMING POLYPEPTIDES, THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PROTEINS IS HUGE!!

• THEREFORE, THEY SERVE ENDLESS FUNCTIONS!!


• ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IS WHEN THEY ACT AS ENZYMES!!!!!!

• ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS, BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES.


• ENZYMES– PROTEINS THAT ARE

NECESSARY FOR MOST OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN LIVING CELLS

– ACT AT ORGANIC CATALYSTS• A CATALYST IS A

SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED ITSELF


• ENZYMES– THE SUBSTANCE THAT

THE ENZYME REACTS WITH IS CALLED THE SUBSTRATE

• WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE?


• HOW ENZYMES WORK?– ACTIVE SITE

• SPOT ON ENZYME WHERE SUBSTRATE BINDS

– TWO THEORIES ON ENZYME ACTION• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL• INDUCED FIT MODEL


• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL– SUBSTRATE’S SHAPE

MATCHES EXACTLY WITH ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME

– THEREFORE, ONLYONE SUBSTRATE CAN EVER REACT WITH AN ENZYME

– THEY ARE HIGHLYSPECIFIC!!


• INDUCED-FIT MODEL


• ENZYMES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIVING THINGS BECAUSE THEY MAKE METABOLIC PROCESSES POSSIBLE

• SO, WE SHOULD KNOW MORE ABOUT ENZYMES!!


• FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTION– CONCENTRATION OF

EITHER SUBSTRATE OR ENZYME

– TEMPERATURE– PH– PRESENCE OF

COENZYMES


• FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY


• REMEMBER, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!!


• THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF BUILDING BLOCKS


• BUT ONLY PUTTING THE RIGHT ONES TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY, WILL BUILD A LIVING THING!!

• UP NEXT, LEARNING ABOUT WHAT THOSEBUILDING BLOCKSHELP MAKE!!

chemical compounds of life. organic compounds – must contain the element carbon – most contain...

Documents

properties of life slide

formation of compounds

disaccharide slide

polysaccharide slide

hydrolysis slide

ose slide

nitrogen inorganic compounds

special type of lipid