chelonians (turtles anddiagnosis treatment prevention diarrhoea hibernation! ~ diet, corpus alienum,...
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Chelonians (turtles and Chelonians (turtles and tortoises)tortoises)
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Testudo hermanniTestudo hermanni
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Testudo graecaTestudo graeca
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Testudo horsfieldiiTestudo horsfieldii
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Testudo marginataTestudo marginata
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Sliders, Sliders, TrachemysTrachemys
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Source: Collins
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Anatomy
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Housing tortoisesHousing tortoises
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Housing slidersHousing sliders
Outside pool (escape proof!!)Outside pool (escape proof!!) Aquarium (approx 100 l per adult turtle)Aquarium (approx 100 l per adult turtle) Water quality!Water quality!
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Nutrition of tortoisesNutrition of tortoises
Vegetarians!!Vegetarians!! Animal protein?Animal protein? Commercial pellets?Commercial pellets? coprophagycoprophagy
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NutritionNutrition calciumcalcium vit Avit A vit D3vit D3 Fat / proteinFat / protein
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Nutrition of slidersNutrition of sliders
OmnivorousOmnivorous Turtle pelletsTurtle pellets Dog / cat feedDog / cat feed Adult: at least 50% vegetablesAdult: at least 50% vegetables
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NutritionNutrition Ca / P: 2Ca / P: 2 vit Avit A vit D3vit D3 Fat / proteinFat / protein
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HibernationHibernation Preparation:Preparation:
– Light cycleLight cycle– temperaturetemperature
Fast (Fast (± 2 weeks)± 2 weeks) Tepid bathsTepid baths Temperature: constant 4 Temperature: constant 4
– 8°C– 8°C Humidity: substrate dryHumidity: substrate dry DarkDark 1 octobre – 1 april1 octobre – 1 april
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HibernationHibernation Problems:Problems:
– Gut not emptiedGut not emptied– UnrestUnrest– Too moistToo moist– RodentsRodents– FrostFrost– Too warmToo warm
No hibernationNo hibernation– ReproductionReproduction– Longevity?Longevity?
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ReproductionReproduction Mating: in springMating: in spring Eggs: may - julyEggs: may - july gestation: 4-6 weeksgestation: 4-6 weeks 1-2 clutches1-2 clutches 4-8 eggs4-8 eggs 3-4 cm (10 – 20 g)3-4 cm (10 – 20 g)
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incubationincubation
Fertilized?Fertilized?– Cf bird eggsCf bird eggs
24 - 32°C, 70 – 100 days24 - 32°C, 70 – 100 days TDSDTDSD vermiculite, au bain marievermiculite, au bain marie
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raisingraising
insideinside outsideoutside
HUMIDITY!!HUMIDITY!! NUTRITION!!NUTRITION!! 6 – 15 year6 – 15 year
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Sex determinationSex determination
age, cmage, cm plastronplastron tailtail behaviour?behaviour?
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female male
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manipulationmanipulation
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IVIV
– V. jugularisV. jugularis– Dorsal tail vein?Dorsal tail vein?– CardiocentesisCardiocentesis– Dorsal cervical sinusDorsal cervical sinus
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Intracoelomic
epicoelomic
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– Problems:Problems:
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Supportive care
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Clinical examinationClinical examination
signalement!signalement! anamnesisanamnesis
– MANAGEMENT!MANAGEMENT!– behaviourbehaviour– appetiteappetite– contact with other chelonianscontact with other chelonians
General impression!General impression!
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Clinical examinationClinical examination
– pulse, respiration, pulse, respiration, temperature, lnn?temperature, lnn?
– mucosaemucosae– condition, hydratationcondition, hydratation– Skin / carapax / plastron Skin / carapax / plastron – parasitol faeces (swab?)parasitol faeces (swab?)– RX, haematology, (echo),...RX, haematology, (echo),...
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BloodBlood
cytologycytology biochemistrybiochemistry
– AST, bile acidsAST, bile acids– Uric acid?Uric acid?– Ca, P, Na, KCa, P, Na, K– TPTP
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HaematologyHaematology
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AnesthesiaAnesthesia
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Most prevalent diseasesMost prevalent diseases
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Cutaneous ulcerationsCutaneous ulcerations
Mild to septicemic Mild to septicemic (SCUD)(SCUD)
Ulcera to perforationsUlcera to perforations Cause: bacterial / Cause: bacterial /
mycoticmycotic Treatment:Treatment:
– debridementdebridement– isobetadine, isobetadine,
flammazine, vulketanflammazine, vulketan– (antibiotics)(antibiotics)
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Respiratory disordersRespiratory disorders
LUNG???LUNG??? URTD (~ URTD (~
Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma, Herpes)Herpes) PneumoniaPneumonia
– multifactorialmultifactorial– bacterial / parasiticbacterial / parasitic
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HerpesvirosisHerpesvirosis
Most important Most important viral disease in viral disease in TestudoTestudo!!!!
Clinical signsClinical signs DiagnosisDiagnosis TreatmentTreatment PreventionPrevention
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URTD (URTD (Mycoplasma agassiziiMycoplasma agassizii))
Most important bacterial disease in Testudo!!
Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention
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DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea
hibernation!hibernation! ~ diet, corpus alienum, low temperature, ~ diet, corpus alienum, low temperature,
viral / bacterial infections, viral / bacterial infections, “dysbacteriosis”, liver- kidney problems“dysbacteriosis”, liver- kidney problems
Parasitic problems!Parasitic problems!
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Parasitic diarrhoeaParasitic diarrhoea
NematodesNematodes– Oxyura /ascaridiaOxyura /ascaridia
(trematodes / cestodes)(trematodes / cestodes) FlagellatesFlagellates
– HexamitaHexamita -> nieren! -> nieren! Ciliates (eg Ciliates (eg BalantidiumBalantidium))
– ““fading” of juvenilesfading” of juveniles– Treatment?Treatment?
(Coccidia)(Coccidia) Amoebiasis?Amoebiasis?
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KidneyKidney Joints, visceral, kidney Joints, visceral, kidney
GOUTGOUT herbivores ~ dietary herbivores ~ dietary
proteinprotein dehydrationdehydration allopurinol?allopurinol? Diagnosis?Diagnosis?
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MBDMBD
Nutrition / UVNutrition / UV Very high prevalenceVery high prevalence
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dystociadystocia Egg deposition site, Egg deposition site,
salpingitis, salpingitis, mbdmbd, , malformed eggs, malformed eggs, debilitation (kidney!), debilitation (kidney!), anatomic deformitiesanatomic deformities
Palpation / RXPalpation / RX Therapy:Therapy:
– Egg deposition siteEgg deposition site– Ca gluconate IPCa gluconate IP– oxytocineoxytocine– surgerysurgery
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CoeliotomyCoeliotomy
anesthesia!anesthesia!
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CoeliotomyCoeliotomy
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CoeliotomyCoeliotomy
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Hypovitaminosis AHypovitaminosis A
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Hypovitaminosis AHypovitaminosis A
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Hypovitaminosis AHypovitaminosis A
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Hypervitaminosis AHypervitaminosis A
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Trauma T. hermanni
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Bite wound!Bite wound!
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Trauma / myasis
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ticks
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fatty liverfatty liver