chapters 6, 7, & 8 cultural. pre-islam again culture of violence ◦ strong dependence on and...
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Chapters 6, 7, & 8Cultural
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Pre-IslamAgain culture of violence
◦Strong dependence on and loyalty to one’s family
◦Survival depended on it◦War◦Ones honor depended on respect ◦Code of chivalry◦Revenge◦Weakened them as a society
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Religion Before Muhammad
The clans blended animism and polytheism◦Met the needs of their individual clan
Allah:◦Quraysh tribe’s supreme god◦Ka’ba was used as a religious place for
multiple godsMaterial culture
◦Not highly developed because they had to concentrate on survival
◦Oral poetry
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IslamStarted very small
◦Muhammad was very respected so it helped to get his message out
Universal elements◦Monotheism◦Highly developed legal code◦Egalitarianism◦Strong sense of community
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IslamUnifying being Arab wasn’t
enoughIslam provided a religion that was
distinctly Arab◦equal to other religions◦But also different
No intermediaries between the individual and God
◦The umma transcended only tribal boundaries
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ConquestBefore Islam
◦Men proved themselves as warriors by fighting the other clans and killing
Now there wasn’t infighting so what to do?◦Conquest as the answer◦They were still fighting and killing
but it was other people not Muslims Problem solved
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Conversion change over time
Originally they didn’t want to convert people, ◦it would mean they had to share
their Booty (Umayyads)Once the Umayyads fell the
Abbasids encouraged conversion Islam was spreading
◦Merchants traded in Southeast Asia◦New lands decided they wanted it
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What cultural achievements did the Abbasid empire make???
New techniques in investigation
New technology Preserving learning of
Ancient civilizations 2 discoveries in
chemistry◦ Creation of objective
experiment◦ Al-razi’s scheme of
classifying all material substances into 3 categories Animal, vegetable, mineral
Best hospitals in world Telescopes and
anatomy advances Muslim scientists work
on optics and bladder ailments
Made world’s best maps Introduced into Islamic
world and Europe many basic machines and techniques◦ Paper making◦ Silk weaving◦ Ceramic firing
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What influence did India have on Islam? Hindu scholars introduced Arab scholars to their
numeral system Indian algebra and geometry were translated into
Arabic for Islamic use Indian physicians, brought to Baghdad to run
hospitals cured many Islamic officials Indian statecrafts were translated into Arabic for
Islamic use The Indian game of chess traveled to the Arabic
people Arabs who immigrated Indian areas, adopted Indian
dress and hairstyles, and ate Indian food Arab colonies in India provided staging areas for Islam
to spread to parts of Asia
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Who were the Sufi and why were they important? The Sufi’s were wandering mystics
◦ They hoped for personal union with Allah◦ There goal was this relationship◦ They will be responsible for some of the spread of Islam during
the Abbasids Later in the Abbasids the Suffist movement will bring a
lot of vitality within Islam Included both Sunni and Shi’a manifestations in its
various guises Some Sufis gained reputations as great healers and
miracle workers Led militant bands that tried to spread Islam to
nonbelievers Used ascetism or bodily denial to find Allah
◦ Meditation, songs, drugs and ecstatic dancing was also used to find Allah
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Africa common themes Culture – Similar language base – Bantu
◦Comes along with some shared cultural characteristics, but should not be interpreted as creating uniformity
Religion - Similar early religious beliefs & practices◦Animism, as well as belief in a creator deity◦Ancestor worshipExistence of magic and need to combat it (priest class)
Similar to W. Europe
◦Moral and legal foundation for society
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Religion - Influence of Major Religions
Introduced through trade rather than missionary work
Religious Divisions:◦ North-Eastern Africa becomes Christian
Ethiopia and Nubia
◦ Northern (Ifriqiya), Western (Maghrib), and South-Eastern (Zenj)Africa becomes Muslim Ghana – 10th century Songhay – 11th century Mali – 13th century
Syncretism◦ Fusion of Islam with animistic/pagan traditions
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Bantu again (I said it was important)
We have talked about the Bantu◦ These are a group of people
who migrated throughout Africa.
◦ We can follow their process by following their language
◦ This is also one of the reasons there are so many languages in Africa today About 500 different languages Swahili is one of them Cultural diffusion
◦ We also see a spread of ideas and technology
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Nubia and EthiopiaChristian States
◦The people were unhappy with Byzantine Christians and welcomed Islam
Nubia resisted Muslim incursions until the 13th century
Ethiopia retained Christianity even with the increasing pressure from Muslims and a growing Muslim population
Islam spread from here into Somalia
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Ghana cultureThe animism rulers converted to
Islam◦Still maintained some of their old
beliefsMuch of the population did not
convert to IslamLarge heterogeneous population
(small ethnic core)
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MaliMansa Musa: Most famous of
Sundiata Successors◦First Mali king to pilgrimage to Mecca ◦Clear social divisions under Mansa
SundiataMuslim EmpireRulers supported Islam
◦Built Mosques and encouraged prayer
◦5 pillars helped to keep order Islam spread throughout the area
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SonghayCreated a unique brand of Islam
◦A fusion of Islam and local spiritual beliefs
Islam spread through ◦merchants who joined the local
community◦Intermarriage
Rulers were generally Muslim but the population was generally not Muslims
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Central African StatesMostly beyond the influence of
IslamKongo converted to Christianity Art: weaving, pottery,
blacksmithing
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Swahili StatesAlmost all rulers and merchants were
MuslimsIslamicized trading cities developed as a
result of contacts with trading partners from Arabia, Persia, India, and China
Islam provided a universal set of ethics and beliefs that made their maritime contacts easier
Shared language Mosques were buildRoyal courts