chapter one matter and life fundamentals of general, organic, and biological chemistry 6 th edition

Chapter OneMatter and Life

Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

6th Edition

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter OneChapter One 2

OutlineOutline

1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science

1.2 States of Matter1.2 States of Matter

1.3 Classification of Matter1.3 Classification of Matter

1.4 An Example of a Chemical Reaction1.4 An Example of a Chemical Reaction

1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols

1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table


GoalsGoals

1.1. What is matter?What is matter? Be able to discuss the properties of Be able to discuss the properties of matter and describe the three states of matter.matter and describe the three states of matter.

2.2. How is matter classified?How is matter classified? Be able to distinguish Be able to distinguish between mixtures and pure substances, and between between mixtures and pure substances, and between elements and compounds.elements and compounds.

3.3. What kinds of properties does matter have?What kinds of properties does matter have? Be Be able to distinguish between chemical and physical able to distinguish between chemical and physical properties.properties.

4.4. How are chemical elements represented?How are chemical elements represented? Be able to Be able to name and give the symbols of common elements.name and give the symbols of common elements.

Why Study Chemistry? In every aspect of our modern life

Long life batteries Materials & miniaturization

Cell phones/pagers Laptops

Synthetic fibers Dyes CDs/DVDs—silicon wafers Medications DNA sequencing

Touches all areas of science4

Chemistry and the SciencesChemistry Study of matter & its transformations Seeks answers to fundamental

questions about: What makes up materials that compose our

world How composition affects properties of

substances How substances change when they interact

with each other = Chemical Reactions

5

Chemistry and the SciencesChemistry Seeks to understand:

Underlying structures of matter Forces that determine properties that we

observe Apply this knowledge to:

Create new materials not found in nature Understand fundamental biological

processes

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Matter & Its ClassificationsMatter

Anything that has mass & occupies spaceMass

How much matter given object has Measure of object’s momentum, or resistance

to change in motionWeight

Force with which object is attracted by gravityEx. Mass vs. Weight

Astronaut on moon & on earth Weight on moon = 1/6 weight on earth Same mass regardless of location

7


1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science

Chemistry is often referred to as “Chemistry is often referred to as “The Central ScienceThe Central Science” ”


Chemistry: Chemistry: The study of the properties and The study of the properties and transformations of matter.transformations of matter.

► Matter:Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space Anything that has mass and occupies space – things you can see, touch, taste, or smell. – things you can see, touch, taste, or smell.

► Property:Property: A characteristic that can be used to A characteristic that can be used to describe a substance. Substances have both describe a substance. Substances have both physical and chemical properties.physical and chemical properties.

► Transformations: Transformations: A change in the properties of A change in the properties of matter with time. There are physical changes and matter with time. There are physical changes and chemical changes.chemical changes.


Substances have both physical and chemical properties.Substances have both physical and chemical properties.

► Physical Properties: Physical Properties: Density, color, and melting Density, color, and melting point are physical properties of matter. Observing a point are physical properties of matter. Observing a physical property can be done without altering the physical property can be done without altering the makeup of a substance.makeup of a substance.

► Chemical Properties:Chemical Properties: Chemical composition, what Chemical composition, what matter is made of, how matter behaves, are chemical matter is made of, how matter behaves, are chemical properties. Observing a chemical property alters the properties. Observing a chemical property alters the substance.substance.


Physical Change:Physical Change: Does not alter the chemical Does not alter the chemical makeup of a substance. makeup of a substance. ►Chemical reactivity is unchanged. Chemical reactivity is unchanged. ►Changes in state, changes in particle size, and Changes in state, changes in particle size, and the formation / separation of mixtures are all the formation / separation of mixtures are all examples of physical change.examples of physical change.►Melting of ice to form liquid water is a physical Melting of ice to form liquid water is a physical change. In this case only a change in form takes change. In this case only a change in form takes place. The chemical makeup of the substance place. The chemical makeup of the substance remains Hremains H22O.O.


Chemical ChangeChemical Change: Alters : Alters the makeup of a substance. the makeup of a substance. ►Reactivity changes with Reactivity changes with the formation of new the formation of new substances. substances. ►Heat, light, or electrical Heat, light, or electrical energy is often emitted or energy is often emitted or absorbed. absorbed. ►Potassium reacting with water is an example of a chemical change.

Learning Check:

Chemical

Physical

Magnesium burns when heated

Magnesium metal tarnishes in air

Magnesium metal melts at 922 K

Grape Kool-aid lightens when water is added

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For each of the following, determine if it represents a Chemical or Physical Change:

XX

X

X


1.2 States of Matter1.2 States of Matter

Common states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas.Common states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas.

►Solid:Solid: A substance that has a definite shape and A substance that has a definite shape and volume. Solids are rigid and dense.volume. Solids are rigid and dense.

►Liquid:Liquid: A substance that has a definite volume but A substance that has a definite volume but that changes shape to fill the container. Liquids are that changes shape to fill the container. Liquids are dense and fluid.dense and fluid.


Common states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas.Common states of matter are: solid, liquid, and gas.

►Gas:Gas: A substance that has neither a definite A substance that has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Gases are low density volume nor a definite shape. Gases are low density fluids.fluids.►Substances can exist in each of these three states Substances can exist in each of these three states depending on the pressure and the temperature. The depending on the pressure and the temperature. The conversion of a substance from one state into conversion of a substance from one state into another is known as change of state.another is known as change of state.


The three states - the solid state, the liquid state, and the The three states - the solid state, the liquid state, and the gaseous state - of water are shown below.gaseous state - of water are shown below.


1.3 Classification of Matter1.3 Classification of Matter

►Pure SubstancePure Substance: Matter that is uniform in its : Matter that is uniform in its chemical composition and properties. Sugar is a pure chemical composition and properties. Sugar is a pure substance and water is a pure substance.substance and water is a pure substance.►MixtureMixture: A blend of two or more pure substances in : A blend of two or more pure substances in any ratio each retaining their identity. Dissolving sugar any ratio each retaining their identity. Dissolving sugar in water creates a mixture.in water creates a mixture.►Physical changes can separate mixtures into one or Physical changes can separate mixtures into one or more pure substances. Evaporation and condensation more pure substances. Evaporation and condensation can separate water from sugar.can separate water from sugar.


► Element:Element: Pure substance that can not be broken Pure substance that can not be broken down chemically into simpler substances. down chemically into simpler substances. Hydrogen and oxygen are examples of elements.Hydrogen and oxygen are examples of elements.

► Chemical CompoundsChemical Compounds: Two or more elements : Two or more elements combined chemically in specific ratios to form a combined chemically in specific ratios to form a pure substance. Water is a compound composed of pure substance. Water is a compound composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

► Chemical changes can separate chemical Chemical changes can separate chemical compounds into elements. Water can be broken compounds into elements. Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by passing an down into hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through it.electric current through it.

Classification of Matter

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The Classification of Matter by Components

• Matter can also be classified according to its composition: elements, compounds, and mixtures.

Homogeneous Mixtures Same properties throughout sample Solution

Thoroughly stirred homogeneous mixture Ex. Liquid solution

Sugar in water Gas solution

Air Contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon

dioxide & other gases Solid solution

US 5¢ coin – Metal Alloy Contains copper & nickel metals

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Heterogeneous Mixtures 2 or more regions of different properties Solution with multiple phases Separate layersEx.

Salad dressing Oil & vinegar

Ice & water Same composition 2 different physical states

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Learning Check: ClassificationHot

CocoaIce(H2O

)

White Flour

Table Salt (NaCl)

Pure substance

Element

Compound

Heterogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous Mixture

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XX

X X

X

X


1.4 Example of a Chemical Reaction1.4 Example of a Chemical Reaction

►Nickel, a solid metal, is mixed with a colorless solution of hydrochloric acid in a test tube.

►The nickel is slowly eaten away, the colorless solution turns green, and a colorless gas bubbles out of the test tube.


► Reactants: Reactants: One or more starting materials. Between One or more starting materials. Between reactants, the “+” can be read as “reacts with”. reactants, the “+” can be read as “reacts with”.

► Products:Products: One or more substances formed as a result One or more substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction. Between products, the “+” can of a chemical reaction. Between products, the “+” can be read as “and”. be read as “and”.

► Between products and reactants, the “Between products and reactants, the “” can be read ” can be read as “to form”. as “to form”.


1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols

► 114 elements have been discovered. 114 elements have been discovered. ► 90 occur naturally90 occur naturally► 24 are produced artificially24 are produced artificially► Some familiar elements are iron, tin, carbon, Some familiar elements are iron, tin, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, etc.oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, etc.► Some unfamiliar elements are niobium, Some unfamiliar elements are niobium, rhodium, thulium, californium etc.rhodium, thulium, californium etc.


►Each element has its own unique symbol. One or two Each element has its own unique symbol. One or two letter symbols are used to represent elements. The first letter symbols are used to represent elements. The first letter is always capitalized and the second letter is letter is always capitalized and the second letter is always a lower case.always a lower case. Examples: C, Cr, P, Pb Examples: C, Cr, P, Pb

► Most symbols are derived from modern names and Most symbols are derived from modern names and are easy to remember.are easy to remember. Examples: ‘H’ for hydrogen, Examples: ‘H’ for hydrogen, ‘O’ for oxygen, ‘N’ for nitrogen, etc.‘O’ for oxygen, ‘N’ for nitrogen, etc.


► A few symbols for elements are derived from A few symbols for elements are derived from their their Latin Latin names and are more difficult to learn. names and are more difficult to learn. Examples, ‘Na’ for sodium comes from its Latin Examples, ‘Na’ for sodium comes from its Latin name Natrium, ‘Pb’ for lead comes from its Latin name Natrium, ‘Pb’ for lead comes from its Latin name Plumbum.name Plumbum.

Chemical Symbols for ElementsChemical Symbol

One or two letter symbol for each element name First letter capitalized, second letter lower case

Ex. C = carbon S = sulfur Ca = calcium Ar = argon Br = bromine H = hydrogen Cl = chlorine O = oxygen

Used to represent elements in chemical formulasEx. Water = H2O

Carbon dioxide = CO2

Most based on English name Some based on Latin or German names

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Chemical SymbolsEnglish Name

Chemical Symbol

Latin Name

Sodium Na Natrium

Potassium K Kalium

Iron Fe Ferrum

Copper Cu Cuprum

Silver Ag Argentum

Gold Au Aurum

Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum

Antimony Sb Stibium

Tin Sn Stannium

Lead Pb Plumbum

Tungsten W Wolfram (German) 30


Chemical FormulaChemical Formula: A notation for a chemical : A notation for a chemical compound using symbols and subscripts to show how compound using symbols and subscripts to show how many atoms of each element are present. When no many atoms of each element are present. When no subscript is given for an element a subscript of ‘1’ is subscript is given for an element a subscript of ‘1’ is understood.understood.


1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table1.6 Elements and the Periodic TablePeriodic Table: Periodic Table: 114 elements in tabular format.114 elements in tabular format.


Large amounts of information regarding the properties Large amounts of information regarding the properties of elements are embedded in the periodic table. of elements are embedded in the periodic table. Elements are roughly divided into 3 groups:Elements are roughly divided into 3 groups:

► Metals: Metals: Found on the left side of the table.Found on the left side of the table.► Nonmetals: Nonmetals: Found on the right side of the Found on the right side of the

table.table.► Metalloids:Metalloids: Found along a diagonal line Found along a diagonal line

between metals and nonmetals.between metals and nonmetals.


A metal (red), a nonmetal (blue), and a metalloid A metal (red), a nonmetal (blue), and a metalloid (green) appear in distinct places on the periodic table(green) appear in distinct places on the periodic table


MetalsMetals: 90 of the 114 elements are metals. They : 90 of the 114 elements are metals. They appear on the left side of the Periodic Table.appear on the left side of the Periodic Table.

Some common properties of metals are:Some common properties of metals are:► Solid at room temperature (except mercury Solid at room temperature (except mercury

which is a liquid)which is a liquid)► Good conductor of heat and electricityGood conductor of heat and electricity► Lustrous on fresh surfacesLustrous on fresh surfaces► Malleable and ductileMalleable and ductile


Metals: (a) Gold is very unreactive and is used primarily in jewelry and in electronic components.

(b) Zinc, an essential nutrient, is used in the manufacture of brass, roofing materials, and batteries.

(c) Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, in water pipes, and in coins.


NonmetalsNonmetals: Appear on the right side of the Periodic : Appear on the right side of the Periodic Table. 17Table. 17 elements are nonmetals. elements are nonmetals.

► ElevenEleven are gases at room temperature (H, N, O, are gases at room temperature (H, N, O, F, Ne, etc.) F, Ne, etc.)

► Five are solids (C, P, S, Se, I)Five are solids (C, P, S, Se, I)► One is a liquid (Br).One is a liquid (Br).► Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and

electricity.electricity.


Nonmetals: (a) Nitrogen constitutes almost 80% of air and is a colorless gas at room temperature.

(b) Sulfur, a yellow solid, is found in large underground deposits in Texas and Louisiana.

(c) Iodine crystals.


MetalloidsMetalloids: Seven elements are metalloids. Their : Seven elements are metalloids. Their properties are between those of metals and properties are between those of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are semiconductors and are nonmetals. Metalloids are semiconductors and are important to the electronics industry. (a) Boron and important to the electronics industry. (a) Boron and (b) silicon are examples of metalloids.(b) silicon are examples of metalloids.


Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

►Matter is anything with mass that occupies volume.Matter is anything with mass that occupies volume.►Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas. Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas. ►A solid has a definite volume and shape, a liquid has a A solid has a definite volume and shape, a liquid has a definite volume but indefinite shape, and a gas has definite volume but indefinite shape, and a gas has neither a definite volume nor shape.neither a definite volume nor shape.►A substance can be characterized as being either pure A substance can be characterized as being either pure or a mixture. or a mixture. ►A pure substance is uniform in its composition and A pure substance is uniform in its composition and properties, but a mixture can vary in both composition properties, but a mixture can vary in both composition and properties.and properties.


Chapter Summary Cont.Chapter Summary Cont.

►Pure substances are either elements or chemical Pure substances are either elements or chemical compounds. compounds. ►Elements are fundamental substances that cannot be Elements are fundamental substances that cannot be chemically changed into anything simpler. chemically changed into anything simpler. ►A chemical compound can be broken down by A chemical compound can be broken down by chemical change into simpler substances.chemical change into simpler substances.►A property describes or identifies something. A property describes or identifies something. ►A physical property can be seen or measured without A physical property can be seen or measured without changing the chemical identity of the substance. changing the chemical identity of the substance.


Chapter Summary Cont.Chapter Summary Cont.

► A chemical property can only be seen or measured A chemical property can only be seen or measured when the substance undergoes a chemical change.when the substance undergoes a chemical change.► Elements are represented by symbols. Most symbols Elements are represented by symbols. Most symbols are the first one or two letters of the element name.are the first one or two letters of the element name.► Some symbols are derived from Latin names.Some symbols are derived from Latin names.► All the known elements are organized into a tabular All the known elements are organized into a tabular form called the periodic table. form called the periodic table. ► Most elements are metals, 17 are nonmetals, and 7 are Most elements are metals, 17 are nonmetals, and 7 are metalloids.metalloids.

WORKED EXAMPLE 1.1 Classifying Matter

Analysis

Solution

Classify each of the following as a mixture or a pure substance:

(a) Vanilla ice cream (b) Sugar

Refer to the definitions of pure substances and mixtures. Is the substance composed of more than one kind of matter?

(a) Vanilla ice cream is composed of more than one substance—cream, sugar, and vanilla flavoring. This is a mixture.

(b) Sugar is composed of only one kind of matter—pure sugar. This is a pure substance.

Example 1.2 Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties

a. When rubbing alcohol evaporates, it changes from liquid to gas, but it remains alcohol—this is a physical change. The volatility (the ability to evaporate easily) of alcohol is a therefore a physical property.

b. Lamp oil burns because it reacts with oxygen in air to form carbon dioxide and water—this is a chemical change. The flammability of lamp oil is therefore a chemical property.

c. Applying hydrogen peroxide to hair changes pigment molecules in hair that give it color—this is a chemical change. The susceptibility of hair to bleaching is therefore a chemical property.

d. Frost forms on a cold night because water vapor in air changes its state to form solid ice—this is a physical change. The temperature at which water freezes is therefore a physical property.

.

Solution

Determine whether each change is physical or chemical. What kind of property (chemical or physical) is demonstrated in each case?a. the evaporation of rubbing alcoholb. the burning of lamp oilc. the bleaching of hair with hydrogen peroxided. the forming of frost on a cold night

chapter one matter and life fundamentals of general, organic, and biological chemistry 6 th edition

Documents

physical properties

chemical properties

transformations of matter

states of matter

classification of matter

classifications matter

properties of substances

chemical elements