chapter 3aaitken.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/7/4/55745595/ch3_lecture.pdf · all organisms are composed...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3 Cells
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
A cell is the smallest unit of life that can function independently.
Amoeba © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1 Table 3.1
Cell theory explains the prevalence and commonalities of cells.
Filamentous cyanobacteria and green alga © McGraw-Hill Education/Don Rubbelke, photographer
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
Most cells are too small to see without a microscope.
Figure 3.2
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
A transmission electron microscope is a very powerful tool for seeing internal cell structures.
Figures 3.2, 3.3TEM: © Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; Paramecium (TEM): © Microworks Color/Phototake
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
A scanning electron microscope is also very powerful and reveals details on cell surfaces.
Figures 3.2, 3.3SEM: © Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited; Paramecium (SEM): © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
Light microscopes are less powerful than electron microscopes. They generate color images of living cells.
Figures 3.2, 3.3LM: © Comstock /Alamy RF; Paramecium (LM): © Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
Notice that bacteria and archaea cells are smaller than plant and animal cells.
Figures 3.2, 3.3LM: © Comstock /Alamy RF; Paramecium (LM): © Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
Here’s a closer look at the size comparison between different cell types.
Figure 3.31
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All Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Section 3.1
Regardless of size, all cells have genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
Figure 3.31
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Why Are Cells So Small?
Section 3.1 Figure 3.4
Smaller cells have more surface area relative to their volume. High surface area allows the cell to quickly exchange materials with its surroundings.
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Question #1
Which cell shape has the highest ratio of surface area to volume?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Question #1
Which cell shape has the highest ratio of surface area to volume?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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3.1 Mastering Concepts
Describe adaptations that increase the ratio of surface area to volume in cells.
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
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Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three Domains
Section 3.2
Prokaryotes are the most ancient forms of life. They lack a nucleus.
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Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three Domains
Section 3.2
Prokaryotes are the most ancient forms of life. They lack a nucleus.
Eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus and other membranous organelles.
Amoeba © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited
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Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three Domains
Section 3.2 Figure 3.5
Unique features distinguish the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
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The Anatomy of a Bacterium
Section 3.2 Figure 3.6
Bacteria are prokaryotic. DNA is free in the cytoplasm.
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The Anatomy of an Animal Cell
Section 3.2 Figure 3.8
Animal cells are eukaryotic. They have membrane bounded organelles.
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The Anatomy of a Plant Cell
Section 3.2 Figure 3.9
Plant cells are also eukaryotic, but notice the cell wall and chloroplasts.
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Question #2
How many of these features does a typical bacterial cell have?
DNA, cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes,cell membrane
A. fiveB. fourC. threeD. twoE. one
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Question #2
How many of these features does a typical bacterial cell have?
DNA, cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes,cell membrane
A. fiveB. fourC. threeD. twoE. one
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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3.2 Mastering Concepts
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
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A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell
Section 3.3 Figure 3.10
Cell membranes are composed of molecules called phospholipids.
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Section 3.3
A phospholipid has two regions: • Hydrophilic head:
polar bonds, which are attracted to water
• Hydrophobic tails: nonpolar bonds, which repel water
A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell
Figure 3.10
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Section 3.3
Because of their chemical structure, phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers in water.
A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell
Figure 3.11
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Section 3.3
A lipid bilayer is selectively permeable to lipids and small, nonpolar molecules.
A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell
Figure 3.11
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Section 3.3 Figure 3.12
Besides phospholipids, cell membranes also contain proteins:
• Transport proteins• Enzymes• Recognition proteins• Adhesion proteins• Receptor proteins
A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell
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Section 3.3 Figure 3.12
The combination of phospholipids and movable proteins forms a fluid mosaic.
A Membrane Surrounds Each Cell
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Question #3
Cholesterol is a molecule in animal cell membranes. Since cholesterol is hydrophobic, where is it most likely to occur?
A. region XB. region Y
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Question #3
Cholesterol is a molecule in animal cell membranes. Since cholesterol is hydrophobic, where is it most likely to occur?
A. region XB. region Y
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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3.3 Mastering Concepts
How does the chemical structure of phospholipids enable them to form a bilayer in water?
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles with specialized functions.
Figure 3.8
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4
The endomembrane system consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane.
Figure 3.8
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
The nucleus, ER, and Golgi interact to secrete substances, such as milk proteins.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
The nucleus contains DNA, which specifies the “recipe” for the proteins.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
A messenger molecule carries the protein “recipe” through a nuclear pore in the two-layered nuclear envelope.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
The messenger molecule meets a ribosome, where a protein is assembled.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
Some ribosomes are on the surface of the rough ER, a network of membranous sacs and tubules.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
Proteins synthesized at the RER will be secreted from the cell. The proteins exit the organelle in bubbles of membrane called vesicles.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
The vesicles leaving the RER fuse with the Golgi apparatus—a stack of membrane sacs that acts as a “processing center.”
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.13
The proteins leave the Golgi in vesicles, which fuse with the cell membrane, expelling their contents.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.18
Other vesicles leaving the Golgi carry digestive enzymes. These vesicles fuse with lysosomes, where cellular digestion occurs.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.19
Most plant cells lack lysosomes. Cellular digestion occurs in large central vacuoles, which also help regulate the size and water balance of plant cells.
Vacuole © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.20
Peroxisomes also aid in digestion. They originate at the ER and contain enzymes that break down toxic substances.
Peroxisomes © Dr. Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.15
Ribosomes are both free in the cytoplasm and bound to the rough ER. The location of the ribosome determines the fate of the proteins it synthesizes.
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.21
Many of the processes discussed so far require energy. Where does this energy come from?
Mitochondrion © Bill Longcore/Science Source
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.21
Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which extract energy from food.
Mitochondrion © Bill Longcore/Science Source
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.21
Folds in the mitochondrial membrane, called cristae, house some of the reactions of cellular respiration.
Mitochondrion © Bill Longcore/Science Source
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.22
Eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis have chloroplasts, organelles that use sunlight to produce food for the cell.
Chloroplast: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.22
The food then travels to the mitochondria, which extract the energy used for cellular processes.
Chloroplast: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
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Question #4
How many of these organelles occur in your skin cells?
mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuole, ER, nucleus
A. eightB. sevenC. sixD. fiveE. four
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Question #4
How many of these organelles occur in your skin cells?
mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuole, ER, nucleus
A. eightB. sevenC. sixD. fiveE. four
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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3.4 Mastering Concepts
Which organelles interact to produce and secrete a complex substance such as milk?
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
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A Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
Section 3.5 Figure 3.25
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein tracks and tubules. It has several functions:•Structural support•Aids in cell division•Organelle transport•Cell movement
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A Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
Section 3.5 Figure 3.25
The cytoskeleton has three major components: • Microfilaments• Intermediate
filaments• Microtubules
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A Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
Section 3.5 Figure 3.26
Microtubules form the internal framework of ciliaand flagella.
Cilia: © D.W. Fawcett/Science Source; Sperm: © Dr. Tony Brain/Science Source
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A Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
Section 3.5 Figure 3.26
Adjacent microtubules slide against each other with the help of a protein called dynein. As a result, the cilium or flagellum bends.
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3.5 Mastering Concepts
What are some functions of the cytoskeleton?
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
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Cells gotta work to live! • What jobs do cells have to do?
– make proteins
• proteins control everycell function
– make energy
• for daily life
• for growth
– make more cells
• growth
• repair
• renewal
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2007-2008
Building Proteins
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Proteins do all the work!
cells
DNA
proteins
organismRepeat after me…Proteins do all the work!
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Cells functions • Building proteins
– read DNA instructions
– build proteins
– process proteins
• folding
• modifying– removing amino acids
– adding other molecules
» e.g, making glycoproteinsfor cell membrane
– address & transport proteins
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Building Proteins
• Organelles involved– nucleus
– ribosomes
– endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– Golgi apparatus
– vesicles
nucleus ribosome ERGolgiapparatus
vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
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nuclearpores
nuclearpore
nuclear envelopenucleolus
histone protein
chromosome
DNA
• Function
– protects DNA
• Structure
– nuclear envelope
• double membrane
• membrane fused in spots to create pores– allows large macromolecules to pass through
Nucleus
What kind of molecules need to pass through?
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DNA
NucleusmRNA
nuclearmembrane
smallribosomalsubunit
largeribosomalsubunit
cytoplasm
mRNA
nuclear pore
production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore
1
2
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Nucleolus
• Function
– ribosome production
• build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
• exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes
smallsubunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &proteins
nucleolus
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smallsubunit
largesubunitRibosomes
• Function
– protein production
• Structure
– rRNA & protein
– 2 subunits combine 0.08mm
Ribosomes
RoughER
SmoothER
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membrane proteins
Types of Ribosomes• Free ribosomes
– suspended in cytosol
– synthesize proteins that function in cytosol
• Bound ribosomes
– attached to endoplasmic reticulum
– synthesize proteins for export or for membranes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Function
– processes proteins
– manufactures membranes
– synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
• Structure
– membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell
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Types of ER
rough smooth
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Smooth ER function
• Membrane production
• Many metabolic processes
– synthesis
• synthesize lipids – oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
– hydrolysis
• hydrolyze glycogen into glucose– in liver
• detoxify drugs & poisons– in liver
– ex. alcohol & barbiturates
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Membrane Factory
• Build new membrane– synthesize
phospholipids• builds membranes
– ER membrane expands• bud off & transfer to
other parts of cell that need membranes
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Rough ER function
• Produce proteins for export out of cell– protein secreting cells
– packaged into transport vesicles for export
Which cellshave lot of rough ER?
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Synthesizing proteins
cytoplasm
cisternalspace
mRNA
ribosome
membrane ofendoplasmic reticulum
polypeptide
signalsequence
ribosome
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Golgi Apparatus
Which cellshave lots of Golgi?
transport vesicles
secretoryvesicles
• Function
– finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
• like “UPS shipping department”
– ships products in vesicles
• membrane sacs
• “UPS trucks”
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Golgi Apparatus
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Vesicle transport
vesiclebuddingfrom roughER
fusionof vesiclewith Golgiapparatus
migratingtransportvesicle
protein
ribosome
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proteins
transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear porenucleus
ribosome
cellmembrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Making proteinsPutting it together…
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Cells gotta work to live! • What jobs do cells have to do?
– make proteins
• proteins control everycell function
– make energy
• for daily life
• for growth
– make more cells
• growth
• repair
• renewal
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2007-2008
Making Energy
ATP
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Cells need power! • Making energy
– take in food & digest it
– take in oxygen (O2)
– make ATP
– remove waste
ATP
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Lysosomes
• Function
– little “stomach” of the cell
• digests macromolecules
– “clean up crew” of the cell
• cleans up broken down organelles
• Structure
– vesicles of digestive enzymes
only in animal cells
synthesized by rER, transferred to Golgi
Where old organellesgo to die!
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Lysosomes
white blood cells attack & destroy invaders = digest them in lysosomes
1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve
Lysosomes discovery in 1960s
1960 | 1974
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Cellular digestion
• Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
– polymers digested into monomers
• pass to cytosol to become nutrients of cell
vacuole
lyso– = breaking things apart
–some = body
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Lysosomal enzymes • Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5
– organelle creates custom pH
– how? • proteins in lysosomal membrane pump H+ ions from the cytosol
into lysosome
– why?• enzymes are very sensitive to pH
– why?• enzymes are proteins — pH affects structure
– why evolve digestive enzymes which function at pH different from cytosol?• digestive enzymes won’t function well if some leak into cytosol =
don’t want to digest yourself!
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When things go bad…
• Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal– digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
– picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one
• lysosomes fill up with undigested material
– grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function
• lysosomal storage diseases– more than 40 known diseases
• example:Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells
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Lysosomal storage diseases
• Lipids– Gaucher’s disease
– Niemann-Pick disease
– Tay Sachs
• Glycogen & other poylsaccharides – Farber disease
– Krabbe disease
• Proteins– Schindler’s disease
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But sometimes cells need to die…
• Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed
– some cells have to die for proper development in an organism
• apoptosis– “auto-destruct” process
– lysosomes break open & kill cell
• ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog
• ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development
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Fetal development
15 weeks
6 weeks
syndactyly
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Apoptosis
• programmed destruction of cells in multi-cellular organisms
– programmed development
– control of cell growth
• example: if cell grows uncontrollably this self-destruct mechanismis triggered to remove damaged cell
• cancer must over-ride this to enable tumor growth
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Making Energy
• Cells must convert incoming energy to forms that they can use for work
– mitochondria:from glucose to ATP
– chloroplasts:from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates
• ATP = active energy
• carbohydrates = stored energy
+
ATP
ATP
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
• Important to see the similarities
– transform energy
• generate ATP
– double membranes = 2 membranes
– semi-autonomous organelles
• move, change shape, divide
– internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes
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Mitochondria
• Function
– cellular respiration
– generate ATP
• from breakdown of sugars, fats & other fuels
• in the presence of oxygen
– break down larger molecules into smaller to generate energy = catabolism
– generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic respiration
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Mitochondria• Structure
– 2 membranes• smooth outer membrane
• highly folded inner membrane
– cristae
– fluid-filled space between 2 membranes
– internal fluid-filled space• mitochondrial matrix
• DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
Why 2 membranes?
increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
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Mitochondria
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Membrane-bound Enzymes
glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +
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Dividing Mitochondria
Who else divides like that?
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?
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Mitochondria• Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
– there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria
– number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity• more activity = more energy
needed = more mitochondria
What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?
active cells:• muscle cells • nerve cells
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Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells plant cells
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Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are plant organelles
– class of plant structures = plastids
• amyloplasts– store starch in roots & tubers
• chromoplasts– store pigments for fruits & flowers
• chloroplasts– store chlorophyll & function
in photosynthesis
– in leaves, other green structures of plants & in eukaryotic algae
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Chloroplasts
• Structure– 2 membranes
– stroma = internal fluid-filled space
• DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
• thylakoids = membranous sacs where ATP is made
• grana = stacks of thylakoids
Why internal sac membranes?
increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
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Membrane-bound Enzymes
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2lightenergy
+ ++
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Chloroplasts
• Function
– photosynthesis
– generate ATP & synthesize sugars
• transform solar energy into chemical energy
• produce sugars from CO2 & H2O
• Semi-autonomous• moving, changing shape & dividing
• can reproduce by pinching in two
Who else divides like that?
bacteria!
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Chloroplasts
Why are chloroplasts green?
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Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different
• Organelles not part of endomembrane system
• Grow & reproduce
– semi-autonomous organelles
• Proteins primarily from free ribosomes in cytosol & a few from their own ribosomes
• Own circular chromosome
– directs synthesis of proteins produced by own internal ribosomes• ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes
Who else has a circular chromosome not bound within a nucleus?
bacteria
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Endosymbiosis theory
• Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free living bacteria
– engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
• Endosymbiont
– cell that lives within another cell (host)
• as a partnership
• evolutionary advantage for both– one supplies energy
– the other supplies raw materials & protection
Lynn MargulisU of M, Amherst
1981 | ??
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Endosymbiosis theoryEvolution of eukaryotes
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Endosymbiosis theory: EvidenceEvolution of eukaryotes
• New mitochondria are formed through a process similar to how bacteria divide (e.g. binary fission)• If cell’s mitochondria or chloroplast are removed, the cell cannot create new ones• Transport proteins are found on the outer membranes ofmitochondria and chloroplast are also found in bacterial cells• Both mitochondria and plastids contain single circular DNA that is different from that of the cell nucleus and that is similar to that of bacteria (both in their size and structure)• The genomes, including the specific genes, are basicallysimilar between mitochondria and the Rickettsial bacteria• Decreased genome sizes show increased dependability
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Vacuoles & vesicles
• Function
– little “transfer ships”
• Food vacuoles
– phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes
• Contractile vacuoles
– in freshwater protists, pump excess H2O out of cell
• Central vacuoles
– in many mature plant cells
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Vacuoles in plants
• Functions
– storage
• stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions
• depositing metabolic byproducts
• storing pigments
• storing defensive compounds against herbivores
• selective membrane
– control what comes in or goes out
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Peroxisomes
• Other digestive enzyme sacs
– in both animals & plants
– breakdown fatty acids to sugars
• easier to transport & use as energy source
– detoxify cell
• detoxifies alcohol & other poisons
– produce peroxide (H2O2)
• must breakdown
H2O2 H2O
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Putting it all together
animal cells plant cells
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• Cells have 3 main jobs
– make energy
• need food + O2
• cellular respiration & photosynthesis
• need to remove wastes
– make proteins
• need instructions from DNA
• need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein
– make more cells
• need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
Cell Summary
Our organellesdo all thosejobs!
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Cells Stick Together and Communicate
Section 3.6 Figure 3.28
Just as organelles in a cell work together, the cells that make up multicellular organisms also divide labor, which requires communication among neighboring cells.
Cellulose © BioPhoto Associates/Science Source
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Cells Stick Together and Communicate
Section 3.6 Figure 3.28
Plant cells communicate through plasmodesmata. Nutrients and biochemicals travel through these channels to adjacent cells.
Cellulose © BioPhoto Associates/Science Source
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Cells Stick Together and Communicate
Section 3.6 Figure 3.27
Gap junctions connecting animal cells are analogous to plasmodesmata. A protein channel links the cytoplasm of neighboring cells.
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Cells Stick Together and Communicate
Section 3.6 Figure 3.27
Tight junctions fuse the membranes of adjacent animal cells together, preventing substances from flowing between the cells.
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Cells Stick Together and Communicate
Section 3.6 Figure 3.27
Anchoring junctions use intermediate filaments to hold cells together.
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3.6 Mastering Concepts
What are the three types of junctions that link cells in animals?
© The Columbian, Janet L. Mathews/ AP Images
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Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
Section 3.4 Figure 3.23
Organelle composition determines a cell’s specialized function.
a: © Corbis RF; b: © Francois Paquet-Durand/Science Source; c: © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; d: © Kevin & Betty
Collins/Visuals Unlimited
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Not All Cells Are Equal
Section 3.4 Figure 3.23
We’ve talked about generic animal cells and plant cells, but each multicellular individual has a variety of cell types.
a: © Corbis RF; b: © Francois Paquet-Durand/Science Source; c: © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; d: © Kevin & Betty
Collins/Visuals Unlimited
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Not All Cells Are Equal
Section 3.4 Figure 3.24
For example …… muscle cells look and behave differently from neurons …
… and leaf cells have chloroplasts, but underground plant tissues do not.
a: © Corbis RF; b: © Francois Paquet-Durand/Science Source; c: © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; d: © Kevin & Betty
Collins/Visuals Unlimited
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Not All Cells Are Equal
Section 3.4 Figure 3.24
Communication among specialized cells, each anchored in place within a multicellular organism, allows cells to quickly and efficiently divide labor.
a: © Corbis RF; b: © Francois Paquet-Durand/Science Source; c: © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; d: © Kevin & Betty
Collins/Visuals Unlimited
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Question #5
Which structure is most likely to occur in an amoeba?
A. cytoskeletonB. plasmodesmaC. tight junctionD. chloroplastE. flagellum
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF; Amoeba: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited
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Question #5
Which structure is most likely to occur in an amoeba?
A. cytoskeletonB. plasmodesmaC. tight junctionD. chloroplastE. flagellum
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF; Amoeba: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited:
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Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass
Section 3.7 Figure 3.29
A couple decades ago, scientists discovered membrane bubbles containing magnetic iron crystals in bacteria. What is the function of these structures?
Magnetosomes © Science VU/D. Balkwill-D. Maratea/Visuals Unlimited
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Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass
Section 3.7 Figure 3.30
A carefully designed experiment showed that the “magnetosomes”orient bacteria to magnetic field lines.
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Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass
Section 3.7 Figure 3.30
Magnetic orienting is adaptive because it allows bacteria to swim vertically through the water column, easily adjusting to their optimal oxygen concentration.