chapter 9 lecture geography - newcaneyisd.org · instructor resource dvd for contemporary human...

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3eJames Rubenstein

Chapter 9 Lecture

Contemporary Human

Geography3rd EditionChapter 9:

Development

Marc HealyElgin Community College


9.1 Development Regions– A developed country, also known as a More Developed Country (MDC) has

progressed further along the development continuum. – A developing country, also frequently called a Less Developed Country (LDC), has

made some progress toward development, though less than the developed countries.


9.1 Development RegionsHow do we measure development?1. Standard of living

a. structure of the workforceb. income of workerc. disposable income

2. Long and healthy lifea. access to modern medicineb. calorie intake

3. Access to knowledgea. literacy rateb. universitiesc. women educated

4. Technologya. transportationb. communication

5. Level of Government Corruption

a. level of transparencyb. citizens have role and

freedom


9.1 Development Regions

• Human Development Index○ In your notes right now, make two

observations from this map.


9.1 Development Regions

• Regional Differences in Development– Geographers divide the world into two

developed and seven developing regions.– In addition to the nine regions, three other

distinctive areas can be identified: • Japan• The South Pacific (Australia and New Zealand)• Russia


9.1 Development Regions• Regional Differences in Development

○ Write them down in order


9.2 A Decent Standard of Living• Economic Structure - Level of Job

– Primary sector: Directly extracting materials from Earth through agriculture or through mining, fishing, and forestry

– Secondary sector: Manufacturing raw materials into products

– Tertiary sector: Providing goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government

– Quaternary sector: Provides information, consulting services, research and development like scientists, inventors and researchers


9.2 A Decent Standard of Living• Economic Structure

○ Write down observations


9.2 A Decent Standard of Living

• Income– Gross national income (GNI) is the value of the

output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

– Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.

– The next slides each have information about standard of living. Look at them and make a minimum of 5 observations.



• Income



• Consumer Goods


9.3 Access to Knowledge & Health• Education

– Years of schooling for today’s adults• The number of years that the average person aged 25

or older in a country has spent in school



– Expected years of schooling for today’s youth• The number of years that the UN forecasts an

average 5-year-old will spend in school



– Pupil/teacher ratio• The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that

each student will receive effective instruction.



– Literacy rate• The literacy rate is the percentage of a country’s

people who can read and write.


Differences of Communication Connectivity


9.3 Access to Knowledge & Health

• Health– From the many

health and medical indicators, the UN has selected life expectancy at birth as the contributor to the HDI.


9.4 Unequal & Uneven Development

• Inequality within Countries○ Some countries have pockets of rich and

poor areas (Brazil, Turkey, Mexico, China, etc)



• Widening Inequality within Developed Countries– Developed countries have regional internal variations in

GDP per capita that are less extreme than in developing countries.

– Through most of the twentieth century, the gap between rich and poor narrowed in developed countries.

– Since 1980, however, inequality has increased in most developed countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom.



• Widening Inequality within Developed Countries


9.4 Unequal & Uneven Development• World Systems Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein)

– Promotes the Core-Periphery concept– Core: nations with a high level of prosperity with dominant economies– Semi-Periphery: in the middle– Periphery: poor nations that are dependent on the core as markets for raw

materials and sources of technology


9.5 Gender-Related Development• Gender Inequality Index

– To measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality, the UN has created the Gender Inequality Index (GII).

– As with the other indices, the GII combines multiple measures: • Reproductive health, empowerment, education, and employment

– A higher GII, however, indicates more inequality between men and women.


9.5 Gender-Related Development

• Reproductive Health


9.5 Gender-Related Development• Empowerment

– The UN includes in the GII the percentage of seats held by women in the national parliament or legislature.

– What is unusual about the US on this map?


9.6 Two Paths to Development• To promote development,

developing countries choose one of two models:– Self-sufficiency

• Countries encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources, and protect their businesses from international competition.

– International trade• Countries open themselves to

foreign investment and international markets.


9.6 Two Paths to Development

• International Trade Path– The international trade path

derives from a five-step model proposed by W.W. Rostow in 1960.

– Each country is thought to be in one of these five stages:

i. The traditional societyii. The preconditions for

takeoffiii. The takeoffiv. The drive to maturityv. The age of mass

consumption


9.7 World Trade

• International Trade Triumphs– After converting to international trade, India’s

GDP per capita increased in most years much more rapidly than it had under self-sufficiency.


9.10 Progress in Development

• HDI– All regions have increased their HDI scores.



Eight Developmental Goals– Goal 1: End poverty & hunger

• Extreme poverty has been cut substantially in the world, but not in sub-Saharan Africa.

– Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

• The percentage of children not enrolled in school remains relatively high in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.



Eight Developmental Goals– Goal 3: Promote gender

equality and empower women• Gender disparities remain in all

regions.– Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

• IMR has declined in most regions, except sub-Saharan Africa.



Eight Developmental Goals– Goal 5: Improve maternal

health• One-half million women die

annually from complications during pregnancy; 99 percent of these women live in developing countries.

– Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

• The number of people living with HIV remains high, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.



Eight Developmental Goals – Goal 7: Ensure environmental

sustainability • Water scarcity and quality,

deforestation, and overfishing are still especially critical environmental issues.

– Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

• Rather than increasing, aid from developed to developing countries has instead been declining.

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