chapter 9 agendasetting newsmaking framing -...

Agenda Setting, Newsmaking & Framing

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Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 España.

María Luengo 2013

Week 11

Agenda Setting, Newsmaking and Framing

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WhoWho To WhomTo WhomWhat What

Research Areas in Mass Communication

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Cultural StudiesCritical Theory Agenda Setting

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Social control Media Audience

WhoWho ChannelChannel To WhomTo WhomWhat What


Agenda -setting Theory

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Agenda -setting Theory

McCombs, Maxwell (2004) Setting theAgenda

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�Context: Public Opinion and the Media� Public opinion as sociological key concept within

modern democracies

� Empirical measurement of its impact looking at the degree of influence of main actors: � Presidents, representatives, lobbies, elites, the

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� Presidents, representatives, lobbies, elites, the media, citizens

PUBLIC AGENDAMain issues to which people pay attention during a specific time


�Who sets the agenda?

�Media agenda

�Public agenda

�Policy agenda

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�Agenda-setting theory stresses the power of the media

� A media-centered view (McCombs) against the theory of the limited effect view


�McCombs credits Walter Lippmann ( Public Opinion, 1922) with pioneering media studies of agenda-setting

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of agenda-setting

� Lippmann’s metaphor of sight


Newsmaking

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AGENDA

“NEWSMAKING”

Theories of news production

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SELECTION/RANKINGEVALUATION

GatekeepersProductive RoutinesNewsroom organizationNews production process


“Así han sido las cosas, y así se las hemos contado”

Ernesto Sáenz de Buruaga

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“Journalists are accused of distorting reality (..) but since they send material to editors, the latter manipulate this material so that journalists can hardly recognize their work”

Ryszard Kapuscinski


�The “Kelly” Case

�Crisis of credibility distortion of reality newsmaking (the news story is

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reality newsmaking (the news story is “fabricated” or “produced”).

Facts - Events

Selection (gatekeeper)

Evaluation (News values)

Newsmaking or the process of news production


� Newsmaking Studies

� Academic research on the creation, selection and evaluation of the news

� Studies evolved from the analysis of

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� Studies evolved from the analysis of informative filters ( gatekeer) to the analysis of the creation — and distortion — of the news delivery


What does what happens inside of news rooms mean as a process of newsmaking?

� Different kinds of mediation: external factors, journalists, newsroom, the media

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factors, journalists, newsroom, the media

� But, which one is more influential?A) THE IDEAL MODEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL

JOURNALIST

B) THE ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL –BUROCRACY


� Media studies have argued that

Other influential factors: available space and the specific time in which an event is reported

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� Media studies have argued that newsrooms have a decisive influence in the selection of events.

� Newsroom values override public interest


How is a newsmaking study conducted?

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�News-values

�Newsworthiness

�Productive routines


News-values

� Substantive criteria

� Guidelines relating to product quality

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� Guidelines relating to product quality

� Criteria related to the media (Radio,TV, etc.)

� Criteria related to the public

� Criteria related to other media


Newsworthiness

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� Variables: professional culture and media culture, business structure


Productive routines

� Some of the process in which they operate:

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operate:

� Collection of news information

• Sources , key factor of news quality

� The journalist’s diary


Framing

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FRAME

�Journalists are story tellers who report on events from a point of view – the media POV

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�Constructivism against objectivism


Frame analysis: Study of the various ways in which news media include or exclude nuances of the event reported

Research questions: � Do they use informational or valorative headlines?

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� Do they use informational or valorative headlines?

� Does the piece of news include photograph with an opinative connotation?

� Are there differences in the importance given to th e event?

� Which nuances does the media include to report on t he event?

� What is the editorial argument style?


�Frame mechanism:

� HEADLINE

� SUBTITLE

� PHOTOS

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� PHOTOS

� SOURCES

� REFERENCES

� GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS: CHARTS, FIGURES, ETC.


�An example:

The confrontation between the

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The confrontation between the

King and Chavez at the Ibero-American summit meeting (Chile, 2007)

Agenda Setting, Newsmaking & FramingFront page - November 10, 2007

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Agenda Setting, Newsmaking & FramingFront Page – November 11, 2007

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Agenda Setting, Newsmaking & FramingFront Page – November, 2007

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� Difference between the number of pages� The informational style of El País in contrast to

El Mundo which focused on reporting on points

Analysis and interpretation:

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El Mundo which focused on reporting on points of view

� El País avoided making too much noise as the Government tried to cool the situation. If this was that PSOE wanted, then PP (and El Mundo) did the opposite


� El Mundo introduced the PP party as another player, when primarily it was a matter of state and the incident was a governmental concern

Analysis and interpretation:

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� In El Mundo, from October 11, all matters relating to the incident were reported in “Spain”, whereas El País did not move the information to the national section until the 12th

�Like everything in the structure and content of a newspaper, locating a news story in one section or another is not innocent

chapter 9 agendasetting newsmaking framing -...

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