Chapter 7 On-Line Study Guide

American History

Mr. Maxa &

Mr. Bellisario

Protectorate

• The imperial power allowed the local rulers to stay in control and protected them against rebellion and invasion.

• In exchange, the local rulers usually had to accept advice from the Europeans on how to govern their countries.

Anglo-Saxonism

• The ideas that English speaking nations had superior characteristics, ideas, and systems of government.

Reverend Josiah Strong

• Supporter of Anglo-Saxonism.

• Strongly linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian ministry ideas.

Alfred T. Mahan

• Wrote, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783.

• Mahan argued that prosperous people in the past (e.g., British and Dutch) had built large fleets of merchant ships, thus a navy was needed to protect the merchant fleet and defend its right to trade with other countries.

Trade with Japan (265)

• American business leaders wanted to trade with Japan and China.

• Until the 1850s, Japan was a closed society, only trading with Chinese and Dutch merchants.

• Congress sent petitions to President Millard Fillmore asking him to force Japan to trade with the United States.

Commodore Matthew Perry (265)

• Ordered by President Millard Fillmore to go to Japan with four warships.

• Arrived on July 8, 1853.

• Had the Japanese sign the Treaty of Kanagawa.

Treaty of Kanagawa (265)

• The treaty gave the US:– Trade rights in two

Japanese ports.– Peace between the two

countries.– Promised help for any

American ships, shipwrecked off the Japanese cost.

– Gave American ship permission to buy supplies such as wood, water, food and coal in Japanese ports.

Why did people go to Hawaii

• Whaling and merchant ships would stop in Hawaii to rest and restock their supplies.

What did Hawaii offer

• Good soil, sugarcane grows very good.

• By the mid-1800s, many Plantation were set-up on the islands.

Queen Liliuokalani

• Disliked the influence American settlers had gained.

• 1893, she tried to impose a new constitution reasserting her authority.

• The planter responded by trying to have her overthrown (she was forced to step down).

Hawaii Annexation

• President Cleveland did not support imperialism.

• When Queen Liliuokalani was forced to step down, he tried to have her restored to power but it failed.

• Planters waited until after President Cleveland left office to have Hawaii annexed.

Cuban Rebel Against Spanish Rule

• 1868 rebels declare independence (it fails).

• Jose Marti, rebel leader flees to US to raise support.

• Cuban rebellion successful in 1895.

• U.S. officially neutral but American public sided with Cubans.

American Investments in Cuba

• U.S. and Cuba closely linked economically.

• U.S. had about $50 Million in investments (sugarcane, mines, and railroads).

Yellow Journalism

• Exaggerated stories to sell newspapers (usually negative).

William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer

• Two New York newspaper owners who competed against each other to sell newspapers.

• Both wrote about the atrocities of the Spanish.

Valerian “the Butcher” Weyler

• Spain sent 200,000 men to round up the rebels and put them into concentration camps, over 10,000 people died.

• Weyler acquired the nickname, “the Butcher”.

U.S. Calls for Intervention

• President William McKinley did not want to go to war with Spain, fearing the war would cost too many lives and hurt the economy.

• He told the Spanish if they did not resolve the conflict soon, the US might intervene.

USS Maine Explosion

• The USS Maine was sent to Cuba to protect Americans and American businesses.

• An accidental explosion kills 260 sailors.

• Newspapers claim the Spanish caused the explosion.

Jingoism

• Aggressive nationalism, U.S. asked Spin to leave Cuba.

Battle of Manila Bay

• On May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey with four ships, destroyed eight Spanish ships in one day.

Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

• The Rough Riders were a voluntary group made up of cowboys, farmers, and athletes.

• Roosevelt was second-in-command of the Rough Riders.

• The Rough Riders captured Kettle Hill.

American Acquisitions After the War

• When Spain surrenders, Cuba is given their independence (with a condition),

• U.S. also received Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines.

Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines

• Guam and Puerto Rico were annexed by U.S.

• Philippines was annexed because President McKinley thought they needed to be “Christianized”.

Anti-Imperialists

• a group of Americans who did not support annexation.

• The group included William Jennings Bryant, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Adams, and Mark Twain.

Cuban Independence Platt Amendment

• Attached to new Cuban constitution:– Cuba could not make any

treaty with another nation that would weaken its independence.

– Allowed U.S. buy or lease a Naval base (Guantanamo Bay).

– U.S. would have the right to intervene in Cuba.

Guantanamo Bay

• U.S. naval base in Cuba, written into the Platt Amendment.

Puerto Rico

• In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, establishing a civil government for the island.

• Basically, Puerto Rico becomes a U.S. territory.

Philippines Insurrection

• Emilio Aguinaldo called for war against the U.S.

• Insurrection lasted for thee years.

• U.S. set up concentration camps against rebels.

William Howard Taft

• William Howard Taft sent to the Philippines to set up schools, roads, and health care.

Sphere of Influence in China

• In China, foreign government would “lease” land, the land would still belong to China but they would lose control of the leased area.

• British, French, Japanese, Russians, and Germans all had a sphere of influence in China.

• These leased areas were the center of economic development including railroads and mining.

Open Door Policy

• Americans wanted to trade in China but were unsure if countries that had a sphere of influence in an area would discriminate against other foreign nations wanting to do business in their sphere.

• U.S. Secretary of State asked each foreign power with a sphere of influence if they would discriminate, they all agreed not to discriminate.

Boxer Rebellion

• A secret Chinese society organized to fight against foreign control.

• The society of Harmonious fists (a.k. a. the Boxers).

• The group decided to destroy both the “foreign devils” and their Chinese Christian converts.

• Eight nations joined together with 50,000 troops to defeat the Boxers.

President McKinley vs. William J. Bryant in 1900

• The election of 1900 pitted McKinley versus Bryant…again.

• Bryant attacked McKinley for support of imperialism in Asia.

• McKinley picked war-hero Theodore Roosevelt and ran on the slogan, “Four years more of the full dinner pail”.

President McKinley Assassinated

• While in Buffalo, NY, President McKinley is shot by an anarchist and dies a few days later.

Acquiring the Canal Zone in Latin American

• The U.S. was looking at two locations to build the canal (Panama & Nicaragua).

• A French company offered to sell the U.S. their rights and property in Panama.

• Panama at the time belonged to Colombia.

• U.S. offered Columbia ten million and yearly rent of $250,000 to build the Canal.– Columbia refused the U.S. offer.

“speak softly but carry a big stick”

• West African saying • Roosevelt believed in

a strong global military presence.

• Displaying American power to the world would make nations think twice about fighting and help promote peace.

Panamanian Revolution

• Panama had opposed Columbia rule.

• The French company that was going to sell their rights and property arranged for a small army to staged an uprising with ten U.S. warships off the coast.

Building the Panama Canal

• It took the U.S. ten years to build.

• Disease and mudslides killed workers.

Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)

• President Roosevelt made a speech to congress that stated that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.