Chapter 9World War IStudy Guide

Mr. Maxa &

Mr. Bellisario

Table of Contents

• Go to the start of Section 1

• Go to the start of Section 2

• Go to the start of Section 3

• Go to the start of Section 4

Section 1

Triple Alliance

• Germany joined Italy and Austria-Hungary to form the Triple Alliance.

Militarism

• In the late 1800s, Germany and France were enemies.

• The system of alliances encouraged militarism – the buildup of armed forces.

Nationalism

• Nationalism is intense pride in one’s homeland.

National self-determination in the Balkans

• Countries in the Balkan Peninsula wanted boarders of a country based on ethnicity.

Serbia – 1st to get Independence

• Serbia gained their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1815.

• Before World War I, their biggest fear was annexation by Austrian-Hungarian Empire.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• In the city of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia, the heir to the Austro-Hungary throne (i.e., Franz Ferdinard) planned to visit.

• On June 28, 1914, a Bosnian member of a Serbian nationalist group killed the heir.

• Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia but Serbia turns to Russia and France for help.

War Erupts

• On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

• Russia immediately mobilized their army along the German boarder.

• On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and two days later, declared war on France.

Allied Powers

• Great Britain, France, and Russia joined together to form the Allied Powers.

Central Powers

• Germany & Austria-Hungary

Germany fights a two sided war

• Germany had to fight British and French troops on the Western Front while fighting the Russians on the Eastern Front.

America at the start of the war

• As World War I began, President Wilson declared that United Sates was neutral.

• However, Americans did take sides – Most Americans favored the Allies and so did

president Wilson’s cabinet.– The British also worked to win U.S. support.

German U-Boat Controls the Seas

• German u-boats controlled the seas around the coasts of Britain and France.

• Sank many ships.

Sinking of the Lusitania

• In May 1915, the British passenger ship, Lusitania entered the war zone.

• A German U-boat or submarine, sank the ship killing nearly 1,200 people including 128 Americans.

German promises no more unrestricted submarine warfare

• After a U-boat shot at the French passenger ship Sussex, Wilson warned Germany to stop its submarine warfare or risk war with the United States.

• Germany did not want the United States to join the Allies.

• In the Sussex Pledge, Germany promised not to sink any merchant ships without warning.

Zimmerman Pledge • In January 1917, a German official

named Arthur Zimmermann told the German ambassador to Mexico to ask Mexico to ally itself with Germany in case of war between Germany and the United States.

– In return, Mexico would get back territory it lost during the Mexican War.

• The British intercepted the Zimmermann telegram.

– It was leaked to American newspapers.

• Many Americans now believed that war with Germany was necessary.

Wilson’s promises to “keep the world safe for democracy”

• In February 1917, Germany again began unrestricted submarine warfare.

• Finally, after Germany sank six American merchant ships, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany.

• Declaration of war was officially declared on April 6th ,1917.

Section 2

War Industries Board (WIB)

• This board helped coordinate the production of war materials.

Food Administration – Herbert Hoover

• Most successful government agency during the war.

• This agency encouraged Americans to observe “Wheatless Mondays”.

Victory Gardens

• Home gardens called, “Victory gardens” were promoted so that less people would buy food and more food could be shipped overseas.

Fuel Administration

• The Fuel Administration introduced daylight saving time and shortened workweeks to conserve energy.

• This agency encouraged Americans to observe “Heatless Tuesdays”.

Paying for the World War I

• To help fund the war effort, congress raised income tax rates.

• The government also raise money to fight the war by selling war and liberty bonds.

National War Labor Board

• The goal of The National War Labor Board (NWLB) tried to avoid labor strikes.

Great Migration

• In the “Great Migration”, many African Americans left the South to take jobs in the northern factories.

Committee on Public Information

• The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was led by George Creel.

• The CPI’s primary job was to sell the war to the American people.

• The CPI hired advertises to creating posters promoting the draft, artists developing songs and poems supporting the war, and having people give “Four Minute Speeches”.

Espionage & Sedition Act

• To limit criticism of the war, congress passed the Espionage & Sedition Acts.

• The goal of the Espionage Act was to fight potential spying.

• The Sedition Act made illegal to speak out against the war publicly.

Schenck v. United States

• Case made it to the U.S. Supreme Court.

• The court’s majority opinion ruled that freedom of speech could be curbed in wartime if it presents a, “clear and present danger”.

Selective Service – The Draft

• More soldiers were needed to fight the war.

• Congress believed conscription (draft) was necessary.– It set up a new system of

conscription called selective service.

• It required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft.

African Americans in the Army

• African American soldiers in World War I served separately from white male soldiers.

Women in the Army

• During World War I, women in the armed services performed nursing and clerical duties.

Section 3

The Western Front

• The area between the opposing trenches was called “No Man’s Land” because nothing existed in that space.

New Technology

• One of the new technologies of modern warfare was the machine gun.

• To avoid being shot by the machine gun, armies built trenches.

Airplanes and Zeppelins

• Airplanes were first used in World War I, to observe enemy activities.

• As the war progressed, airplanes would engage in dogfights with machine guns attached to the aircraft.

Convoy System

• To minimize damage by German u-boats, American transports used the convoy system to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

Russia pulls out of war

• In March 1917, riots broke out in Russia and its leader stepped down.

• A temporary government was unable to deal with the country’s major problems.

• The Bolshevik Party led by V.I. Lenin overthrew the Russian government.

• Lenin immediately pulled Russia out of the war, allowing Germany to concentrate its troops on the Western Front.

American fight separate in Europe

• General Pershing insisted that American soldiers fight under American commanders.

Armistice Declared

• On November 11, 1918, an armistice was declared by Germany and thus fighting stopped on the Western Front.

Treaty of Versailles (Big 4)

• The Big Four representing the Allied Powers included leaders from France, U.S., Italy, and France.

Wilson’s 14 Points

• President Wilson’s plan for peace that he took with him to Paris.

League of Nations

• The League of Nations was the idea of President Wilson.

• He wanted the League of Nations to be a global alliance to stop aggression and promote peace.

European Allies seek revenge from WWI

• Britain and France wanted to punish Germany.

• In the Treaty of Versailles, they made Germany admit their guilt in causing World War I, taking blame for all the damages.

• Germans were also required to pay reparations.

U.S. Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles – Why?

• U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty because President Wilson refused to take any Republican leaders with him to the peace conference.

• Also, the treaty would take away their war powers (to declare war).

Wilson’s speaking tour & collapse

• President Wilson wanted to take his message directly the American people and try to win support for the treaty.

• With the stroke disables the president, the U.S. never joins the League of Nations.

Section 4

Soldiers Returning

• When the soldiers returned home from the war, they found:– No jobs– Thousands of union

strikes– Inflation (prices on

goods went up)

Government ends war agencies

• When the war ended, the government agencies were no longer needed and thus they closed.

Seattle Strike

• Shipyard workers in Seattle went on strike.

• Soon it became a general strike, or a strike that involves all workers in a location, not just workers in one industry.

• The strike paralyzed the city.

Boston Strike

• When police officers in Boston went on strike, riots broke out in the city.

• Governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order, seen as a hero

• The city police commissioner fired the strikers and hired a new police force.

Steel Strike

• The largest strike in American history began when 350,000 steel workers went on strike for higher pay and shorter work hours.

Racial Riots in 1919

• Many soldiers returned home looking for work.

• Many African American had moved to the North during the war to take factory jobs.

• Racism and frustrations erupted into riots.– 25 Race riots erupted in

the summer of 1919 with the worst riot in Chicago.

Red Scare

• With strikes occurring across the U.S. in 1919, the fear of Communism led to the Red Scare

Immigrates importing radical ideals

• Since the late 1800s, many Americans blamed immigrants for bring communist ideas into the U.S.

• They also blamed immigrants for labor problems and violence.

A Mitchell Palmer – Palmers Raids

• One of the eight bombs that went off in June of 1919 damaged the home of U.S. Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer.

• Most people believed the bombing were the work of radicals trying to destroy the American way of life.

• Although evidence pointed to one group as the bombers, Palmer organized raids on the foreign-born and on radicals.

• Palmer rounded-up many immigrants and had them deported or expelled from the country.

J. Edgar Hoover

• A. Mitchell Palmer set up the General Intelligence Division within the Justice Department, headed by J. Edgar Hoover

• This division later becomes the Federal Bureau of Investigations.

600 Communists deported

• Palmers raids resulted in deporting nearly 600 people out of the United States.

Often violated civil liberties

• The Palmer raids were carried out without concern for people’s civil rights.

• Homes were entered without search warrants.• People were jailed indefinitely and not allowed to

talk to their attorneys.• Palmer was first praised for his work.• However, when he failed to find any real

evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy, his popularity faded.

Review your section

• Go back to the start of Section 1

• Go back to the start of Section 2

• Go back to the start of Section 3

• Go back to the start of Section 4