chapter 6 sensation & perception
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Chapter 6 Sensation & Perception. Sensation The raw data of experience. Perception Process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information. Sensation vs. Perception. 2 can be joined for practical use Hearing aids Robots Flight simulators. 5 Senses Sight Touch Smell Taste - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6Sensation & Perception
Chapter 6Sensation & Perception
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Sensation vs. Perception Sensation
The raw data of experience
Perception Process of
creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information
-2 can be joined for practical use
-Hearing aids
-Robots
-Flight simulators
Sensing 5 Senses Sight Touch Smell Taste Hearing
Other senses Heat Pressure Pain Balance Movement
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Riddle of separate sensationsSense receptors Specialized cells that convert physical energy
into electrical energy that can be transmitted an impulses to the brain Signals received by the sense organs stimulate
different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain.
Ex: Rub your eyes results in visual experience
Synesthesia A rare condition in which stimulation of one
sense also evokes another Ex: See color purple and claim it smells like a
rose
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Absolute threshold The smallest quantity of physical
energy that can be reliably detected by an observer 50% of the time
Absolute thresholds
VisionCandle flame from 30 miles on a clear nightHearingTick of a watch from 20 feet in total quietSmellOne drop of perfume in a 3-room apartmentTouchWing of a bee on the cheek, dropped from 1 cmTasteOne teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
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Difference threshold The smallest difference in
stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared
Also called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
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Signal-detection theory Sensory Process
Real stimulus causes perception
Example: phone rings and you hear it
Decision Process No stimulus
present, mental error
Example: Waiting for phone call and in shower, think heard phone ring
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Sensory adaptation and deprivationAdaptation The reduction or disappearance of sensory
responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious
Prevents us from having to respond continuously to unimportant information
Example: You cannot smell your perfume / cologne a few minutes after spraying
Deprivation The absence of normal levels of sensory
stimulation
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Sensory overload Over-stimulation of the senses
Can use selective attention to reduce sensory overload
Selective attention: the focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others (cocktail party phenomenon)
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What we seeHue Color Names related to
the wavelength of light (ROYGBIV)
Brightness Amount of light emitted
from or reflected by an object
Saturation Complexity of light
waves
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The Parts of the EyeCornea - Protects eye and bends light toward lens
Iris - Controls amount of light into eye
Pupil - Opening through which light reaches the retina
Lens - Focuses on objects by changing shape
Retina - Area where light is focused onto
Blind Spot - Area of retina where there are no receptors
Parts of the Eye
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Blind Spot
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Color Vision - Receptor CellsRods Receptors that
respond to light & dark
120 million per eye Used for Night vision
Cones Visual receptors
involved in color vision
8 million per eye Best in daylight Sharpness of vision
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Trichromatic theory
Eye detects 3 primary colors Red, Blue, Green
All other colors derived by combination
Limits does not explain color blindness or after image
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Trichromatic Spectrum
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Opponent-process theory Visual system treats pairs of colors as
opposing Red-Green Yellow-Blue Black-White
Only one side may fire at a time Why cannot see reddish-green or yellowish-
blue colors Explains Afterimage and Colorblindness
Afterimage The firing of cone has unused energy
after viewing something steadily
Visual system wants to return to balance Fires in opposite color
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Color Blindness It is inherited 8% males & 0.5% females Monchromats - see only black & white Dichromats - typically red / green cannot
be seen
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Vision is not a camera
Most processing is done in the brain Flips the image right side up Fills in holes from blind spot Influenced by one’s experiences &
expectations
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Gestalt Principles Brain’s organization of sensory building blocks into
meaningful units and patterns. Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka
Gestalt PrinciplesFigure- Ground In any visual image, figures can be
distinguished from the ground on which they appear
Gestalt PrinciplesProximity Things close to one another are grouped
together
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Gestalt principles
Closure The brain tends
to fill in gaps to perceive complete forms
Gestalt Principles
Similarity Things that are
alike are perceived together
ContinuitySeeing continuity in lines that could be interpreted as either continuous or abruptly shifting in direction.
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Gestalt Principles Design 3 images in your journal
Each one must use a Gestalt principleFigure-groundProximityClosureSimilarity QuickTime™ and a
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Depth and distance perceptionBinocular cues Visual cues that require the use of both eyes Convergence
Turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object
Retinal disparity The slight difference in lateral separation
between two objects as seen by the right and left eyes
Binocular Vision
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Binocular Vision
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Visual Field
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Depth and distance perceptionMonocular cues Visual cues that can be used by one eye Light & Shadow Interposition Motion Paralax Relative Size Relative Clarity Texture Gradient Linear Perspective
Constancy - the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanging despite appearances
Shape Constancy Shapes don’t change
Size Constancy Ability to retain the size of
an object regardless of where it is located
Constancy
Color Ability to perceive an object as the same color
regardless of the environment Brightness
The brain causes rods and cones to compensate for changes in brightness
Location Constancy Ability to keep an object in the
environment steady If we are in motion, the environment
must be steady, if the environment is in motion, we must be steady
Perceptual Illusions
Occurs because of misleading clues in the stimulus giving rise to false perceptions
The Müller-Lyer illusion
Journal Activity
1) Draw 2 lines to split your paper into fourths
2) Look at the image below with your right eye. (close/cover the left)
3) In the upper half of the paper, draw what you see with your right eye (line up the center line of the picture with the one on your paper)
4) Repeat with the left eye and the bottom half of the paper.
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Audition
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What we hearLoudness The dimension of auditory experience related
to the intensity of a pressure wave (decibels)Pitch The dimension of auditory experience related
to the frequency of a pressure waveTimbre The dimension of auditory experience related
to the complexity of a pressure wave
Decibel Levels 10 - just above audible 60 - normal conversation 70 - disrupt sleep 120 - thunder / rock concert 130 - threshold of pain 180 - space shuttle launch
Pitch Different species and ages can hear
different tones
Kilohertz
Mosquito Buzz
Timbre
Different instruments/tones are more pleasing to different people
Most pleasing chord is the 5th of any note
Some chords are more pleasing, and so songs using them may become more popular
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4 Chords - The Axis of Awesome
Don’t Stop Believin’ - Journey James Blunt – Beautiful
Black Eyed Peas – Where is the love)
Alphaville - Forever youngJason Mraz – I’m yours
Mika - Happy endingAlex Lloyd - Amazing
The Calling - Wherever you will go
Elton John - Can You Feel The Love Tonight
Maroon 5 - She Will Be Loved
4 ChordsJohn Denver - Take Me Home, Country RoadsRakim – Stay A WhileLady Gaga – PaparazziU2 - With or Without YouCrowded House - Fall At Your FeetKasey Chambers - Am I Not Pretty EnoughThe Beatles - Let it BeMichael Jackson – Man in the Mirror Red Hot Chili Peppers - Under The BridgeDaryl Braithwaite - The horsesBob Marley - No Woman No CryMarcy Playground - Sex and Candy
4 ChordsMen At Work - Land Down Under"Banjo" Paterson - WALTZING MATILDAJack Johnson – Taylor Spice Girls – 2 Become 1 A ha - Take on meGreen Day - When I Come AroundEagle-Eye Cherry - Save TonightToto - AfricaBeyonce - If I were a boyThe Offspring - Self EsteemThe Offspring - You’re gonna go far kidCranberries – ZombieOneRepublic – Apologize
4 ChordsLady Gaga - Poker face
Aqua - Barbie girl)Pink - You and your hand
Tim Minchin - Canvas bags
MGMT - Kids
Andrea Bocelli - Time to say Goodbye
Auld Lang Syne
Five for fighting - Superman
Axis of awesome - Birdplane
Missy Higgins - Scar
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An ear on the world
The Parts of the Ear
Outer Ear Catches sound waves Travels to eardrumMiddle Ear Eardrum causes hammer, anvil, &
stirrup to vibrate
The Parts of the Ear
Inner Ear Stirrup is attached to cochlea passing
along vibration Cochlea is snail shaped structure filled
with fluid and cilia (tiny hair receptor cells)
Study Guide
Retina Cornea Iris Pupil Blind spot Rods and cones Afterimage Color blindness Absolute Threshold Just Noticeable
Difference
-Sensory Deprivation
-Adaptation
-Trichomatic System
-Selective Attention
-Signal Detection Theory
-Loudness
-Pitch
-Timbre
-Binocular vs Monocular
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Auditory localization Sounds from
different directions are not identical as they arrive at left and right ears. Loudness Timing Phase
The brain calculates a sound’s location by using these differences.
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Gustation (taste)Taste buds Collections of taste-receptor cells No buds on center of tongue 5 tastes - salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami
Tastes of FlavorDifferent people have different tastes and/or
flavor based on: Genetics Culture Learning Food attractiveness Texture Temperature
Tasters Supertasters
Tasters
Nontasters
To taste… Determine your 5 favorite foods and 5 least
favorite foods Explain why you like each one
Interview 1 family member and 1 friend and have them do the same
Bring in an example of 1 of these foods Only if possible - you will not be graded on
whether or not you bring anything in
Should be a tiny taste of the food
New Tastes Using a spoon (if necessary) try a small
sample of the foods present.
On a half-sheet of paper, describe what you are tasting in terms of sour, bitter, sweet, umami and salty.
Tastes around the world Grab 1-3 partners and pick up one of the
packets describing a different culture’s food.
1) Make a list of foods that were eaten Include beverages and spices
2) Would you eat any of these foods?
3) What American/modern foods are similar to the ones you read about?
Olfaction (smell)
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Smell: the sense of scents Airborne chemical molecules enter the nose
and move through the nasal cavity. Receptors on the roof of the nasal cavity
detect these molecules.
The Sense of Scents We discriminate among odors, but
familiar scents are hard to identify (adaptation)
Women more acute sense of smell Anosmia
Complete loss of ability to smell
Why Smell? The part of the brain that processes smells is
actually right there where the emotions
odors were important for the survival of the species
Smell and Culture Fashions in odor change with the times. In the
17th Century, say the authors, the best-loved perfumes were spices, resins and incense-like aromatics. They suspect that a lovely court lady, deliciously spiced for her time, might be rushed to the nearest exit by moderns. They also suggest that expensive modern perfumes (containing synthetics and animal sex lures) might have caused a similar reaction at the court of Louis XIV.
Fashions in smell vary with geography, too. The authors point out that Chinese gourmets, rebuked for liking "rotten eggs," can point with horror to the "rotten milk" (cheese) that Westerners find so delicious.
Most Preferred Scents
Cutaneous (touch)
4 Ways to Respond Pressure/touch Warm Cold Pain All intensities can be influenced by
personal expectations
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Gate-control theory of pain
Experience of pain depends in part on whether the pain gets past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord.
Identifying Items
Describe what you are feeling within each bag Texture Feeling on skin Soft/hard Rough/smooth Etc
What points on the human body are the most sensitive?
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Gate-control theory revised The brain is capable
of generating pain even without signals from nerves.
Phantom Limb Placebo Effect
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The environment within
Kinesthesis The sense of body position and
movement of body partsEquilibrium The sense of balance Inner ear contributes to equilibrium
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Depth Perception: Visual cliff
Visual illusion of a cliff Babies show
increased attention over deep side at age 2 months, but aren’t afraid until about the age they can crawl.
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Psychological & Cultural Influences We are more likely to perceive something
when we need it and disregard when we don’t (inattentional blindness)
What we believe Emotions, such as fear Expectations based on previous experiences Perceptual set: a habitual way of perceiving,
based on expectations All are influenced by culture.
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Subliminal Perception Notion we may respond to stimuli below
our level of awareness 2/3 of American believe it is used and
works on some level Only prove in highly controlled labs
Subliminal Messages Humans can be “primed” to look for
specific traits based upon what may have flashed across the screen
Humans that are “shown” a face, will prefer it over one they have not seen
Unconscious Messages Hoax in the 1950’s at movie theaters
EAT POPCORN DRINK COKE
Would work best if subjects were reminded to be THIRSTY
Tapes to play while sleeping
Not always effective, the subjects must be primed in order for the effect to take place Therefore not useful in advertising
Hidden Messages Advertisers use their money’s worth in
ads Some may place “hidden” messages within
an image or commercial to influence the audience
The AIDS epidemiccontinues to focus on thethe established risk groups.
Find the hidden image
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Extrasensory perception (ESP)
The ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information
Has not been scientifically demonstrated Clairvoyance Telepathy Precognition Psycho kinesis
Testing… Psychic Tests
Read Your Mind
20 questions
Seeing is Believing We can convince ourselves that we we
have seen is true Based on sensation rather than truth Eg: UFOs
Things that scare us
Study Guide Gustation
Taste buds 5 flavors What affects taste/flavor Super/non tasters
Olfaction Closest to emotions
Cutaneous 4 responses Gate-control theory and Phantom Limb
Kinethesis and Equilibrium Subliminal Messaging and Perception ESP