chapter 5 – sensation & perception
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Chapter 5 – Sensation & Perception. Sensation = reception of stimuli Perception = interpretation of those stimuli. I.Smell & Taste Sensitive by birth Activity level - internal - external. Facial expression Orientation Preference Habituation. Discriminate odors/tastes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5 – Sensation & Perception
• Sensation= reception of stimuli
• Perception= interpretation of those stimuli
I. Smell & TasteSensitive by birth
• Activity level- internal- external
• Facial expression• Orientation• Preference• Habituation
• Discriminate odors/tastes- all 4 taste categories (prefer sweet) - many odors
• Importance- prefer stimuli related to breastfeeding- enhances survival
II. Touch
Reflex responses• shows tactile perception from birth
Pain perception grows• born with poor pain perception• develops rapidly
• No experience of pain in the womb• Softens birth experience
Heart rate• increases in response to painCrying• specific pain cry• or just more & louder
Importance
• Attachment- tactile contact with parent helps build relationship- orphans/preemies with little tactile stimulation fail to develop properly
• Learning- by handling object, learn about world- brain structures & body develop
III. Hearing
• Good at birth; excellent by 6 months- perfected through exposure to sounds
• Head orientation• Activity level
4 Factors infants can discriminate• Pitch
- better at higher pitches “motherese”• Duration
- differentiate between sounds of similar duration- helps learn language
• Location- improve with experience- test via sound in darkened room
• Distance- tell how far something is- reach for noisy object in dark?
Importance• Locate objects• Perceive human speech• Perceive danger
IV. Sight
• Fuzzy at birth- improves quickly
Testing Vision• Tracking
- following objects with eyes
• Optokinetic nystagmus- eye movements when watching a moving object- shows acuity
• Scanning- looking at different parts of object
• Habituation- look longer at novel stimuli
4 Factors infants can discriminate• Brightness• Movement• Pattern/rules• Contrast/edges
Importance• Bonding via eye contact• Perceive face pattern• Recognize parents
Color• Rods & cones
- rods on periphery: night vision- cones in center: color & day vision
• Poor at birth- see black, white, some red- good at 2-3 months
Depth• Sensitive by 2 months
- visual cliff4 visual cues to depth• Kinetic - movement
- by 5 months
• Binocular- difference in images in left & right eyes- by 7 months
• Perspective- lines moving together indicate distance
• Texture- less detail & space between objects indicates depth“Texture gradient”- by 7 months
Integration of senses• Vision & touch
- if touched hidden object, recognize it visually- by < 6 months
• Vision & hearing- look at location of noisy object in dark room- ~ 3 weeks
Ways of LearningI. Habituation• React to new a stimulus• Reaction dulls
-> Learn the stimulus = habituation& discriminate from others
• Importance- attention to significant threats
II. Classical Conditioning - Pavlov• Unconditioned stimulus & response
- US = stimulus that naturally evokes a reaction- UR = the natural reaction
• Conditioned stimulus & response- something always occurs just prior to the US (temporal proximity — cue)
- learn the association between the cue and the US- same reaction to the cue (the CS)
• Superstitious behavior- perceiving a temporal link that is coincidental- fears, prejudice, phobias
• Extinction- to eliminate the CR- present CS many times with no US- people eventually quit responding- but: people resist extinction- violates rules/patterns
• Importance- survival behaviors can be classically conditioned- preparedness
III. Operant Conditioning - Skinner• Rewards & punishments ->behavior• Use operant conditioning to measure
infants’ perceptions & what infants can learn
IV. Observational Learning - Bandura• Learn by imitating models• Integration of 2+ senses
- use of games• Skills, socialization, & language
• Do newborns imitate?- newborns sticking out tongue- or not until ~ 8 weeks