Chapter 6: Land and its resources

land

minerals

Natural elements

metal

Non metal

Natural compound

sulphides

oxides

Silica and silicates

carbonates

Natural fuel resources

petroleum coal Natural gas

.1. Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earth’s crust. 2. A mineral has a composition and a specific crystalline structure. Examples of minerals are calcite, feldspar, quartz, mica, marble and silicate.3.. Only inactive elements can exist freely in the Earth’s crust. Meanwhile, active elements will react with other elements to form particular compounds.4.. Natural elements commonly found in the Earth’s crust are gold, silver, platinum, mercury and arsenic.

The Various Minerals Found in the Earth’s Crust

elements % by weightoxygen 46.6silicon 27.7

aluminium 8.1iron/ferrum 5.0

calcium 3.6sodium 2.8

potassium 2.6magnesium 2.1

titanium 0.4hydrogen/carbon 0.14

•Almost 75% of the weight of a mineral in the Earth’s Crust is made up of oxygen and silicon elements. Thus, silicate minerals which contain oxygen and silicon elements make up the largest amount. Examples of silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica and clay.

•Minerals that do not contain silicon element are known as non-silicate minerals. Examples of non silicate minerals are calcite, dolomite, magnetite and hematite.

•Other non metallic elements such as oxygen, sulphur and carbon usually exist in the form of compounds such as oxides, sulphides and carbonates.

•Less active elements combine with oxygen and sulphur to form oxides and sulphides such as iron oxide, aluminium oxide, lead sulphide and iron sulphide.

Types of compounds Elements present

Oxides metal and oxygen

Carbonates metal, carbon and oxygen

Sulphides metal and sulphur

Silicates metal, silicon and oxygen

Silica silicon and oxygen

Element in Natural Compounds

Types of minerals ExamplesOf Natural Minerals

Chemical name(Mineral Content)

Elements in the mineral

oxides

bauxite aluminium oxide Aluminium and oxygen

hematite iron oxide iron and oxygenmagnetite magnesium oxide Magnesium and

oxygencassitetite tin oxide tin and oxygen

sulphidegalena lead sulphide lead and sulphurpyrite iron sulphide iron and sulphur

chalcocite copper sulphide copper and sulphurblende zinc sulphide zinc and sulphur

carbonate

calcite (marble) calcium carbonate calcium, carbon and oxygen

magnesite magnesium carbonate Magnesium, carbon and oxygen

dolomite magnesium carbonate Magnesium, carbon and oxygen

malachite copper carbonate copper, carbon and oxygen

KESAN HABA KE ATAS LOGAM KARBONAT DAN LOGAM SULFIDA

calcium carbonat

Air kapur(untuk uji gas )

Iron sulfide

Larutan kalium permangganat berasid

(uij gas SO2 ) ungu jernih

jernih keruh

mineral air kapur (jernih)

Kalium permangganat (ungu) Gas terbebas

calcium carbonat

Iron sulfide

Iron oxside

lead sulfide

Magnesium carbonat

tin oxside

keruh

keruh

jernih

jernih

-

--

-

-

-

--

SO2

SO2

tidak terurai

tidak terurai

pemerhatian

CO2

CO2

CO2

Metal + oxygen metal oxide

Metal + sulphur metal sulphide Metal sulphide metal oxide + sulphur dioxide

Metal react with oxygen

MAZI C– decending orderCIZAM – accending order

Metal react with sulphur

MAZI C – decending order C IZAM – accending order

PERAK 12

Magnesium + sulphur magnesium sulphide heat

Calcium sulphide calcium oxide + sulphur dioxideheat

Reactions of metals with non-metal

1. Magnesium + sulphur magnesium sulphide2. Aluminium + sulphur aluminum sulphide3. Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphide4. Iron + sulphur iron sulphide5. Copper + sulphur copper sulphide

Metal with sulphur 1. Magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide2. Aluminium + oxygen aluminum oxide3. Zinc + oxygen zinc oxide4. Iron + oxygen iron oxide5. Copper + oxygen copper oxide

Metal with oxygen

Potassium Manganate (vii) crystals release oxygen when heatedThe glass wool at the mouth of the boiling tube prevents oxygen from escaping too fast into the air

The glass wool at in the boiling tube prevents the Potassium Manganate (VII) from mixing with the metal powder.

Test

PKBS 2 2010 MEI

PMR 2007

SBP 2006

PMR 09

PMR 08

Diagram 6 shows the set-up apparatus to determine the action of heat on plumbum sulphide.

A. Describe the colour change of the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution............................................................................................................................

[1 mark]B. Name the solution that can be used to substitute the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution. .........................................................................................................................

[1 mark]C. Name the white residue produced after plumbum sulphide is heated. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [ 1 mark]

D. State the two elements found in plumbum sulphide. (i) ........................................................................................................ (ii) .........................................................................................................

[2 marks]

SBP 2009

SBP 2011

Minerals in the Earth’s

crust

Elements

METALPlatinumMercurySilverGold

NON-METALCarbon Sulphur

Compound

CarbonatesOxides

SulphidesSilicates

Minerals in the Earth’s crust

A metal is an element that has a shiny surface, is ductile and malleable.

Example: zinc, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, lead, gold, silver …

Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide.

Most metals react with sulphur to form metal sulphide.

Metal & non-metal• A non-metal is an

element that has a dull surface, is brittle.

• Example: graphite (carbon), sulphur, oxygen, chlorine…

Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphide

Zinc + oxygen zinc oxide

The Moths Scale

Silicon Compound

Silicon is non-metallic element that is the second most abundant element after the element oxygen in the Earth’s crust.

Silicon does not exist as a free element in its natural states but combines with other elements to form compounds.

Silicon normally combines with other elements such as metals and oxygen to form silicon compounds (silica and silicate)

Silica is also known as silicon dioxide. Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide

(silica) Example of silica: sand, quartz and flint

• Silicate is a silicon compound that contains silicon, metal and oxygen.

• Silicate is form when silicon combines with oxygen and metal.

• Silicon + oxygen + metal silicate

• Examples: clay, mica, feldspar, asbestos gem (jade, ruby, topaz)

The properties of silicon compounds

Characteristic of silicon:Do not dissolve in

waterDo not react with acidDo not decomposed

when heated

Sodium silicate

magnesium silicate

Feldfars silicate

Calcium carbonate is the chemical name for lime element that is formed

from 3 types of elements, which are calcium, carbon and oxygen.

Examples of calcium compounds are: a. Lime b. Lime stone c. Marble d. calcite e. Gypsum f. shell of sea animals g. bones and teeth h. egg shells.

CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUND

◦ insoluble in water◦ soluble in water containing dissolved

carbon dioxide gas to form calcium hydrogen carbonate.

It reacts with dilute acid to produce calcium salt water and carbon dioxide◦ It decomposes into calcium oxide

quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated. PMR 07, 08

Calcium oxide dissolves a little in water to form calcium hydroxide slaked lime and heat energy is released

The characteristics of calcium carbonate are: PMR 03, 04

Properties of calcium carbonates

Tindakan haba ke atas kalsium karbonat

kalsium karbonat kalsium oksida

kalsium hidroksida

titiskan air

ii. haba terhasili. Berdesir

batu kapur kapur tohor kapur matipepejal

serbuk cecair

panaskan

PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATES

The formation of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide

Natural fuel resources and their importance.••Formation of natural fuel resources.a.Natural fuel resources include fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal.b.Coal is formed from plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago.c.Petroleum and natural gas are formed from plants and animals that lived in the sea or on the land millions of years ago.

i. When these animals and plants died, their remains became buried under mud and sand at the bottom of the sea.

ii. High pressure and heat slowly changed the mud and sand into rocks and the remains of the animals and plants into petroleum and natural gas. PMR 08

Characteristics and uses of petroleum fractionsFossil fuel are hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon)Petroleum is a mixture of many types of hydrocarbons which

need to be separated before can be used.The hydrocarbons in the petroleum have different boiling

points.Therefore, the petroleum can be separated into various

components by fractional distillation.The components which are separated are called fractions or

distillates.

The higher the boiling point of a fraction of petroleum, PMR 03, 05, 08 the darker its colour the higher the viscosity the colour of the flame become more yellowish more soot produced when burnt more difficult to burn in air

  http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/fractional.htm

Fractional distillation of petroleum

PERAK 12

PMR 2008

THE USES OF THE PRODUCTS OF DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM PMR 07

Bahan api semula jadi

1. Iaitu petroleum, gas asli, arang batu dan kayu-kayan

2. dikenali sebagai bahan api fosil. Kerana berasal dari tumbuhan dan haiwan mati berjuta tahun lampau. Petroleum 1. Bewarna hitam dan likat, terdiri dari campuran hidrogen dan karbon dan dinamakan sebatian hidrokarbon.2. Proses pemisahan petroleum dinamakan penyulingan berperingkat disebabkan petroleum mempunyai takat didih berlainan

Gas asli1.Gas asli terdiri daripada metana, etana, dan butana2. Gas asli diangkut dalam bentuk gas asli cecair (LNG)

arang batu1.Dahulu arang batu diguna untuk menjalankan kapal laut, dan keretapi

FRACTIONAL DISTILATION

Colour Viscosity Colour of flame Soot combustibilityTemperature

Fraction Temperature colour viscosity Colour of flame Soot produced combustiibility

Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr