land and its resources bab 1

7/30/2019 Land and Its Resources Bab 1

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Chapter 6

LAND AND ITSRESOURCES



Minerals in the Earth’s Crust

1. Minerals are solid elements or chemical

compounds that are naturally present in

the Earth crust.

2. Examples of mineral are gold, quartz

(silicon dioxide), silver, limestone

(calcium carbonate) and tin ore.

3. Minerals exist in the form of element or

compound.



Gold quartz

limestone

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4. Gold, silver,platinum and mercury are

examples of natural elements, which

means that they are found uncombinedwith another element.

5. Carbon and sulphur are two types of

non-metal mineral element that existnaturally.

6. Most minerals in the Earth crust exist in

the form of compounds especially oxide,carbonate, sulphide and silicate.



Identifying the elements in natural

compounds

1. Minerals in the form of compounds

consist of combinations of a few types of

different element.

2. Minerals that are found as compounds

are made up of metallic elements

combined with non-metallic elements.



Elements present in minerals that are found as

natural compounds

Naturalcompound

Mineral Elements

Oxide Haematite Iron, oxygen

Cassiterite Tin, oxygen

Calcite Calcium, carbon, oxygen

Carbonate Malachite Copper, carbon, oxygen

Iron pyrite Iron, sulphur

Sulphide Galena Lead, sulphur

Silicate China clay Aluminium, silicon, oxygen

Calcium

silicate

Calcium, silicon, oxygen



Properties of minerals

Most minerals are still in existence and have not

changed in the Earth crust because minerals aregenerally hard and do not dissolve in water.

A. Hardness of minerals

i). We can determine a mineral’shardness by rubbing the mineralagainst objects such as nails, coins or a fingernail.

ii). Soft minerals are scratched easily.iii). Diamond is an example of the hardest

mineral.



B. Solubility of minerals

i). Most of the minerals that exist in

the Earth’s crust as naturalcompounds are hard and do notdissolve in water.

C. Effect of heat on minerals

i). Mineral like metal oxide andsilicate normally do not

decompose when heated.ii). Some mineral like metal

carbonates and sulphides can be

easily decompose when heated.



Effect of heat on metal carbonate

1. Metal carbonate change to their oxides and carbon

dioxide when burnt in air. The carbon dioxide gascauses limewater to turn cloudy.

heat

Metal carbonate metal oxide + carbon dioxide

Eg: heat

Zinc carbonate zinc oxide + carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide that is released can be tested by using lime

water.

Lime water will turn cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide.



Effect of heat on metal sulphide

1. When heated, a metal sulphide breaks

down into a metal oxide and releasessulphur dioxide gas.

2. This gas changes the potassium

manganate (VII) solution from purple tocolourless.

heat

Metal sulphide + oxygen metal oxide + sulphur dioxideEg: heat

Iron sulphide + oxygen iron oxide + sulphur dioxide



3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas that can betested with

i). Acidic potassium manganate (VII) solution. This gas bleaches thepurple colour of the solution tocolourless.

ii). Acidic potassium dichromate(VI)solution. This gas changes the orange

–coloured solution to green.



Arrangement of apparatus to study

characteristics of minerals

6 2 R ti B t M t l d N



6.2 Reactions Between Metals and Non-

metals1. The two main groups of elements are metals and non-metals.

Example of metals : potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium,aluminium,zinc, iron, lead,copper, gold, silver,mercury

Example of non-metal :

solid -sulphur, carbon

liquid -bromine

gaseous -oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,helium,chlorine

2. Most metals react with non-metals to form compounds.



Reaction between metal with

oxygen and sulphur

1. Metals have shiny surfaces, and becomes dull

after some time. This happens because most

metal react with oxygen.

2. Metal react with oxygen and sulphur atdifferent rates.

3. The very reactive metals react with oxygen

and sulphur vigorously.(eg: Sodium and

potassium)

metal + oxygen metal oxide

metal + sulphur metal sulphide



The reaction of metals with

oxygen



The reaction of metals with sulphur



6.3 Silicon Compounds

1. Silicon is the second most abundant elementin the Earth’s crust.

2. Silicon usually combines with other elementlike metal and oxygen to form a silicon

compounds.

3. Silica is silicon dioxide consisting of silicon andoxygen.(eg: sand and quartz)

4. Silicates are silicon compounds that are madeup of silicon,metal and oxygen.(eg: asbestos,mica, talc, clay)

Th ti f ili



The properties of silicon

compounds

• Silica and silicate are stable compounds.

1. do not dissolve in water 2. do not react with acids

3. do not break down when

heated



Uses of silicon compounds in daily

life

Sand - to make bricks, mortar,glasswareQuartz - is mixed with cement to make

concrete

Asbestos - as heat insulator in the form of sheet.

Pure silicon is used to make electronic chips.

Fibres made from silicon compounds are called optic

fibres.

Optic fibre are used- to replace copper wire tosend information, likesound data,video,etc.

- to observe internal organs

(in medical field)



Uses of silicon compounds in daily life



6.4 Calcium Compounds

1. Calcium is a reactive metal. Therefore it does

not exist in its pure form in nature.2. Calcium carbonate is an important calcium

compound.

3. Calcium carbonate is a compound of calcium,

oxygen and carbon.4. Limestone and marble are example of natural

calcium compounds.

5. Seashells, eggshells,bones are largely calcium

carbonate.6. The stalagmites and stalactites built up in

caves are eg.of calcium carbonate too.



Stalactites and stalagmites

The properties of calcium

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The properties of calciumcarbonate

1. Calcium carbonate compound does not dissolves inwater.

2. Calcium carbonate react with acid to form salt, water and releases carbon dioxide.

Calcium carbonate + hydrocloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

3. Calcium carbonate decomposes to produce calciumoxide and release carbon dioxide when heated over a strong heat.

heated

Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide



4. Calcium oxide (quicklime) reacts with water to formsolid calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). A lot of heat is

released.

Calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide + heat

5. Calcium hydroxide is an alkali. It dissolves in water

to become lime water which is used to test for the

presence of carbon dioxide gas.

Calcium hydroxide + carbon calcium carbonate + water

solution dioxide

F i f l i id d l i



Formation of calcium oxide and calcium

hydroxide

6 5 N t l F l R d Th i



6.5 Natural Fuel Resources and Their

Importance

1. Natural fuel resources found in the Earth crustinclude

a). petroleum b). coal

c). natural gas

2. Fuels are substances that burn to produceheat as a form of energy.

3. These fuel consist mainly of hydrocarbon,which are compounds made up of hydrogenand carbon.

4. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are calledfossil fuels because they are formed fromthe remains of living plants and animals thatlived millions of years ago.

F i f l d l



Formation of natural gas and petroleum

1. Petroleum(crude oil) and natural gas areformed from the remains of tiny sea creatures

which were buried in sediments at the bottomof the ocean.

2. Sediments of these organisms changed intopetroleum after being subjected to hightemperature and pressure for a long period of time.

3. These remains were changed into a dark,sticky liquid called petroleum.



4. Some may change into gas,

called natural gas.

5. Petroleum and natural gas are

found together, held in between

layers of non-porous rocks.

6. Crude petroleum contains many

types of hydrocarbons mixed

together.

7. Petroleum must be separated

into fractions before it can be

used by a process called fraction

distillation.

Petroleum and natural gas are

held in between layers of non-

porous rocks.



The formation of coal



The formation of coal

1. Millions of years ago, most of the land on Earth

was covered with dense forests and swamps.2. Coal is formed from the plants die, and have

been compressed by layers of earth on top of

it.

• High pressure and temperature that act on

these plants change them into coal.

4. People use coal for generating electricity,

cooking, lighting and running motors andtrains.

Fractional distillation




1. In the oil and gas industry, fractional distillation

is carried out by heating unprocessedpetroleum in a furnace at 400°C in an oilrefinery.

2. In the furnace, the petroleum is heated until it isturned into vapour.

3. The vapour is then pump into a hugefractionating column and its begin to cool down

and changes into liquid.

4. Each and every petroleum fraction has its owncharacteristics and uses.



5. The characteristics of the fraction or distillate is

related to its boiling point.

6. The higher the boiling point of a petroleumfraction:

a). the darker to its colour b). the higher is its viscosity

c). the more difficult it is to burn

d). the more soot its flames produce

7. All petroleum fractions do not dissolve inwater.




cooking oil

Fuel for vehicles

For making plastic

Fuel for aircraft

For heavy vehicles

Lubricants for machines

Fuel oil for ships

As building material (tar) for road



The contributions of the petroleum and the natural gas

industry to the economic development of Malaysia

1. The discovery of offshore oilfields in Sabah,Sarawak and Terengganu has madeMalaysia a net producer of petroleum.

2. Malaysia’s crude oil is of high quality, lightand low in sulphur content.

3. The petroleum industry provides the countrywith income in terms of taxes, royalties anddividends, and also provides us with a high

living standard and more job opportunities.



The efficient ways of using natural

fuela). Fossil fuels are non-renewableresources.

b). They cannot be replaced and will not lastforever.

c). Therefore, we have to use them efficiently,such as by practising car pool, using publictransport and not wasting electricity.

d). Besides, we should practise the 3Rs whichmeans reduce, reuse and recycle petroleum products.

land and its resources bab 1

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