chapter 5 the research methods of...

CHAPTER 5 THE RESEARCH METHODS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING WHAT BIOPSYCHOLOGISTS DO

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) Vestibular function can be assessed by assessing a patient's reaction to A) facial nerve stimulation. B) electroencephalography. C) cold water flushed in the ear.

D) needles inserted in the face. E) needles inserted in the foot.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 Topic: Chapter 5 Introduction

2) The ironic case of Professor P. makes the point that A) two brains are better than one. B) Alzheimer's disease can have an early onset. C) many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings. D) brain tumors can be bilateral. E) cortical tumors are usually malignant. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 102 Topic: Chapter 5 Introduction

3) Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients? A) cerebral angiography B) X-ray photography C) pneumoencephalography

D) CT scans E) PET scans

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing the Living Human Brain

4) Which of the following is a contrast X-ray technique? A) angiography B) magnetoencephalography C) positron emission tomography

D) structural magnetic resonance imaging E) functional MRI

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing the Living Human Brain

5) A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine A) horizontal sections. B) frontal sections. C) coronal sections.

D) sagittal sections. E) midsagittal sections.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.101

Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e

6) Which technique is illustrated here?A) computed tomographyB) cerebral angiographyC) electroencephalographyD) magnetic resonance imagingE) positron emission tomographyAnswer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

7) Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of X-ray photography? A) computed tomography B) MRI C) CT

D) angiography E) both A and C

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

8) Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? A) CT B) PET C) angiography

D) EEG E) MRI

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

9) Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it A) pictures the brain in fine detail. B) involves angiography. C) provides an image of brain function.

D) provides an image of brain structure. E) involves low levels of radioactivity.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

10) A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before A) a CT scan. B) magnetic resonance imaging. C) a contrast X-ray.

D) positron emission tomography. E) a sodium amytal test.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.102

Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

11) The reason why radioactive 2-DG is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that 2-DG A) is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity. B) is metabolized by neurons in relation to their level of activity. C) is not metabolized by neurons. D) both A and C E) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

12) Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of A) oxygenated blood flow. B) water flow. C) nitric oxide flow.

D) alpha waves. E) 2-DG.


13) Which technique records the BOLD signal? A) MRI B) CT C) fMRI

D) PET E) MEG


14) Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive A) water. B) glucose. C) 2-DG.

D) oxygen. E) none of the above

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 105 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

15) Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? A) functional MRI B) angiography C) PET

D) CT E) EEG


16) Which of the following technique measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain? A) MRI B) fMRI C) MEG

D) EMG E) EEG




17) Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? A) 2-DG. B) ERP. C) TMS.

D) PET. E) EEG.


18) Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of __________ between human cortical activity and cognition. A) links B) causal relations C) correlations

D) neural connections E) communication

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

19) An electroencephalograph is A) a gross measure of the electrical activity of the brain. B) a gross measure of the electrical activity of the cortex. C) a gross measure of the electrical activity of neurons. D) a gross measure of the electrical activity of groups of neurons. E) an EEG machine. Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 107 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

20) In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from A) muscle. B) the hippocampus. C) the scalp.

D) the neocortex. E) the heart.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

21) Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with A) high arousal. B) sleep. C) relaxed wakefulness.

D) epilepsy. E) evoked potentials.




22) Which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers? A) a neuropsychologist B) a psychophysiologist C) a physiological psychologist

D) a psychopharmacologist E) a comparative psychologist

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 108 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

23) Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of A) large signals. B) sensory evoked potentials. C) random signals.

D) the P300. E) far-field potentials.


24) The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a "raw" evoked potential is that A) an AEP is usually unobservable. B) an AEP is an alpha wave. C) a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal. D) an AEP is a unit response. E) a raw evoked potential is likely to be larger. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 108 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

25) The P300 A) is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the subject. B) is a negative EEG wave. C) is a far-field potential occurring 300 mm from the electrode. D) occurs about 300 seconds prior to a response. E) is a component of the potential evoked by a meaningless click. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 108 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

26) The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential A) always originate next to the scalp electrode. B) are far-field potentials. C) originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem. D) all of the above E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 109 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity



27) Components of AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are A) almost always auditory. B) almost always visual. C) not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus. D) of special interest to cognitive psychologists. E) almost always influenced by the meaning of the stimulus. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 109 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

28) The short-latency low-amplitude signals (indicated by the arrow) in this average auditory evoked potential are termedA) the P300.B) the P400.C) the ERP.D) the sensory evoked potential.E) far-field potentials.Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

29) Modern computer techniques have made it possible to estimate the A) time of particular EEG signals. B) location of the source of particular EEG signals.

C) frequency of particular EEG signals. D) latency of far-field potentials. E) P300.


30) Muscle tension is monitored by A) electroencephalography. B) electromyography. C) electrooculography.

D) ERPs. E) MEGs.


31) Electrooculography is A) usually performed with one electrode mounted on each cornea. B) a method of estimating eye movement from eye muscle activity. C) a method of measuring skin conductance. D) an indirect method of measuring pupil constriction. E) both A and B Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity



32) Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring A) penile engorgement. B) cortical activity. C) blood pressure.

D) eye movement. E) muscle tension.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

33) In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one eye? A) 4 B) 8 C) 2

D) 1 E) 6

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

34) Illustrated here isA) electroencephalography.B) magnetoencephalography.C) electrooculography.D) plethysmography.E) electromyography.Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

35) If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin's conductance of electricity. This response is called A) a skin conductance response. B) an EKG. C) a skin conductance level.

D) an average evoked potential. E) a P300 wave.


36) Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR? A) gonads B) pituitary gland C) sweat glands

D) pancreas E) thymus gland




37) Which of the following is a record of a person's heart beat? A) electrocardiogram B) ECG C) EKG

D) all of the above E) both A and B

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

38) Hypertension is A) stress. B) caused by excitement. C) chronic high blood pressure.

D) chronic low blood pressure. E) a sphygmomanometer.


39) The level of 130/70 mmHg is A) indicative of stress. B) the ratio of diastolic to total systolic blood pressure.

. D) a healthy human blood pressure. E) both A and C

C) indicative of hypertensionAnswer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

40) Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure? A) sphygmomanometers B) plethysmographs C) oscilloscopes

D) electrodes E) ERPs


41) Penile erection is A) a muscular response. B) an electromyographic response. C) a plethysmographic response.

D) a sphygmomanometric response. E) an aberrant response.


42) Stereotaxic surgery typically requires A) a stereotaxic atlas. B) a stereotaxic instrument. C) a head holder.

D) an electrode holder. E) all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods



43) The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures is A) autoradiography. B) cryogenesis. C) perfusion.

D) stereotaxic surgery. E) aspiration.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

44) Bregma is A) the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. B) a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. C) a naughty word. D) a type of electrode holder. E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

45) The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is A) smegma. B) lambda. C) the intersection between two major fissures.

D) bregma. E) both C and D


46) Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often made by A) the electrolytic method. B) aspiration. C) radio-frequency current.

D) transection. E) stereotaxic surgery.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

47) Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least likely to be associated with the destruction of major blood vessels? A) aspiration lesions B) electrolytic lesions C) radio-frequency lesions

D) knife cuts E) lobotomy

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 112 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

48) The __________ created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced be a radio-frequency lesion. A) vibration B) current induction C) heat

D) ion deposits E) acid

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods



49) Cryogenic blockade, if properly done, A) destroys only those neurons that have been cooled. B) produces a discrete area of permanent damage. C) destroys neurons by freezing them. D) produces little or no permanent neural damage. E) eliminates all neural activity in the brain. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 112 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

50) Cryogenic blockade is often referred to as a functional or reversible lesion because A) the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks. B) the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two. C) it temporarily eliminates the contribution of a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain. D) it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs. E) the subjects always survive. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

51) A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by A) excision or cutting. B) aspiration or suction. C) cryogenic blockade.

D) radio-frequency current. E) invasive EEG.


52) Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of A) a local anesthetic. B) lidocaine. C) a coolant.



53) Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often A) damage neural structures other than the amygdala. B) do not destroy the entire amygdala. C) damage prefrontal cortex. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 112 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods



54) Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called A) unilateral lesions. B) bilateral lesions. C) monopolar lesions.

D) bipolar lesions. E) unitary lesions.


55) Lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than comparable A) unilateral lesions. B) bipolar lesions. C) cryogenic lesions.

D) aspiration lesions. E) bilateral lesions.


56) Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because A) it is too difficult for biopsychologists. B) biopsychologists are usually not interested in neurons. C) it is a neurophysiological procedure. D) it is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject. E) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 113 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

57) Intracellular unit recording is very difficult in A) humans. B) monkeys. C) rats.

D) freely moving animals. E) higher species.


58) Which method was used to record this signal?

A) extracellular unit recordingB) intracellular unit recordingC) electroencephalographyD) integrated multiple-unit recordingE) plethysmographyAnswer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods



59) Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of A) cell firing. B) action potentials. C) the membrane potential.

D) reductions in neural firing. E) EEG activity.


60) Extracellular unit recording provides information about A) the magnitude of the membrane potential. B) the wave form of action potentials. C) EPSPs.

D) all of the above E) none of the above


61) Which method was used to record this signal?A) extracellular unit recordingB) intracellular unit recordingC) electroencephalographyD) integrated multiple unit recordingE) plethysmographyAnswer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

62) Multiple-unit signals are typically A) recorded through microelectrodes. B) recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes. C) integrated to facilitate their interpretation. D) both A and C E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 114 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

63) In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through A) stainless steel skull screws. B) electrodes placed around the eyes. C) subcortical electrodes.

D) disk electrodes taped to the scalp. E) cortical pipettes.




64) IP, SC, and IM are all A) recording methods. B) drugs. C) stimulation methods.

D) cranial nerves. E) routes of drug administration.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

65) Drugs that don't penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to brain tissue A) by SC injection. B) through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula. C) through an intracerebral microelectrode. D) by IV injection. E) by injection into a carotid artery. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

66) Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid A) are neurotoxins. B) destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged. C) are selective dopamine agonists. D) are selective dopamine antagonists. E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

67) The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys A) neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine. B) axons. C) cell bodies. D) multipolar neurons. E) the hypothalamus. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

68) A method of identifying all of the brain areas of a laboratory animal that were particularly active during a behavioral test is A) cerebral dialysis. B) the 2-deoxyglucose technique. C) immunocytochemistry.

D) the 6-OHDA technique. E) the kainic acid technique.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods



69) The final stage of the 2-deoxyglucose technique involves A) autoradiography. B) injecting 2-DG. C) injecting radioactive 2-DG.

D) immunocytochemistry. E) cerebral dialysis.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

70) A method of measuring the levels of neurochemicals in particular sites in the brains of active laboratory animals is A) cerebral dialysis. B) the 6-OHDA histological technique. C) in situ hybridization.

D) immunocytochemistry. E) electroencephalography.


71) Cerebral dialysis is a method of A) stimulating the brain. B) stimulating the neuroendocrine system. C) measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in the brains of active animals. D) 6-OHDA. E) recording AEPs. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

72) Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain? A) immunocytochemistry. B) the 6-OHDA technique. C) in situ hybridization.

D) both A and B E) both A and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

73) Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies? A) immunocytochemistry B) in situ hybridization C) cerebral dialysis

D) electroencephalography E) both A and B


74) In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is A) an amino acid. B) a microelectrode. C) an antibody.

D) a neurotransmitter. E) a receptor.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods



75) Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as A) antibody is to messenger RNA. B) DNA is to antibody. C) neurotransmitter is to cell body.

D) antibody is to DNA. E) RNA is to antibody.


76) Knockout mice are mice that A) have had a concussion. B) are susceptible to concussion. C) have amnesia.

D) both A and C E) none of the above

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering

77) Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research? A) Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes. B) Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes. C) The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering

78) Melanopsin knockout mice have difficulty A) adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle.B) seeing.C) sleeping on a regular schedule.D) displaying circadian rhythms.E) recognizing circadian signals.Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering

79) Transgenic mice always possess A) more genes than normal. B) fewer genes than normal. C) the characteristics of the other sex.

D) fewer chromosomes than normal. E) genes of another species.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering



80) Green fluorescent proteinA) was first isolated from a species of jelly fish.B) fluoresces when exposed to blue light.C) has been used to visualize neurons in a few plants and invertebrates, but not in higher organisms.D) all of the aboveE) both A and BAnswer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering

81) The brainbow techniqueA) is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique.B) is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced.C) has not yet been applied to neural tissue in multicellular animals.D) both A and BE) both A and CAnswer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering

82) A behavioral paradigm normally includes a method for A) producing the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. B) measuring the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. C) recording brain activity. D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118 Topic: Introduction: Behavioral Research Methods

83) The main difference between neurologists and neuropsychologists is that A) neurologists deal with brain-damaged people. B) neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioral problems. C) neuropsychologists generally refer patients to neurologists, but not vice versa. D) neurologists deal with behavior. E) neurologists are scientists. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

84) Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can A) assist diagnosis. B) influence treatment. C) be the basis for effective counseling.


Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing



85) Before the 1950s, neuropsychological testing usually employed the A) standardized-test-battery approach. B) single-test approach. C) customized-test-battery approach.

D) neurological approach. E) psychophysical approach.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

86) The primary purpose of the single-test and standardized-test-battery approaches to neuropsychological testing was to A) identify brain-damaged patients. B) locate the area of brain damage. C) characterize the nature of the psychological deficits. D) measure brain activity. E) compete with neurologists. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

87) The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a A) test of memory. B) test of speech. C) test of motor function.

D) test of emotion. E) battery of tests.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

88) Tests used in the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing A) are often specifically designed to measure aspects of psychological function that have been spotlighted by modern theories and data. B) often focus on the cognitive strategies employed by the patient, rather than on just how well the patient does. C) often require skilled practitioners for their prescription, administration, and interpretation. D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

89) Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the A) sodium amytal test. B) dichotic listening test. C) WAIS.

D) Neuropsychiatric Test Inventory (NTI). E) ERP.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing



90) The digit-span test is a common test of A) short-term memory. B) counting. C) arithmetic.

D) intelligence. E) lateralization.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

91) On the digit-span test, most people score about A) 65%. B) 85%. C) 50%.

D) 100%. E) none of the above


92) Which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colors? A) block-span test B) token test C) aphasia subtest of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery D) paired-associate test E) Wechsler Language Scale Test Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

93) Which of the following WAIS subtests is part of the Performance Scale? A) Picture Completion B) Digit Symbol C) Block Design

D) Object Assembly E) all of the above


94) Which of the following subtests of the WAIS involves cartoon drawings? A) Object Assembly B) Picture Arrangement C) Picture Coloring

D) Similarities E) Digit Span


95) The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of A) audition. B) memory. C) intelligence.

D) language lateralization. E) language.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 121 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing



96) In the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right A) language areas of the cortex. B) speech areas of the cortex. C) carotid arteries.

D) auditory cortex. E) motor cortex.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 121 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

97) In the sodium amytal test, an injection into the carotid artery contralateral to the dominant hemisphere for speech renders the subject completely mute for A) 50 seconds. B) 2 minutes. C) 4 minutes.

D) 30 minutes. E) none of the above


98) In the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization, A) seven digits are presented. B) three digits are presented twice in rapid succession. C) seven pairs of digits are presented. D) three pairs of digits are presented. E) seven dichotic stimuli are presented. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 121 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

99) Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of conscious awareness of the memories are called A) implicit memories. B) explicit memories. C) semantic memories.

D) episodic memories. E) short-term memories.


100) Repetition priming tests are tests of A) explicit memory. B) implicit memory. C) episodic memory.

D) semantic memory. E) consolidated memory.




101) Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt A) syntax, phonology, or semantics, respectively. B) phonology, semantics, or syntax, respectively. C) phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively. D) semantics, syntax, or phonology, respectively. E) semantics, phonology, or syntax, respectively. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 122 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

102) Dyslexia is a difficulty in A) speaking. B) reading. C) understanding.

D) thinking. E) fleeming.


103) A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the A) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. B) token test. C) Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test.

D) digit-span test. E) block-design test.


104) Illustrated here is theA) Washington Symbols Test.B) Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test.C) a classic test of parietal-lobe damage.D) both A and CE) both B and CAnswer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 122 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

105) Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that A) complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes. B) each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain. C) constituent cognitive processes tend to be localized in subcortical structures.D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 122 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience



106) If a PET image is recorded while a subject is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use A) functional MRI. B) structural MRI. C) the paired-image subtraction technique.

D) the additive-image control procedure. E) EEG.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 123 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

107) A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed theA) limbic system.B) constituent cognitive processor.C) default mode network.

D) cerebral paradigm.E) paired-image subtraction mode.


108) In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by A) subtraction. B) addition. C) averaging.

D) signal splitting. E) multiplication.


109) Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior? A) copulating B) nest building C) grooming

D) swimming E) all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

110) The open-field test is usually conducted in A) a large, empty chamber. B) the animals' natural habitat. C) an open space in the animals' natural habitat.

D) a thigmotaxic chamber. E) Iowa.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

111) In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of A) aggression. B) fearfulness. C) motor activity.

D) attention. E) defense.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior



112) In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of A) body temperature. B) fearfulness. C) sexual motivation.

D) obesity. E) aggression.


113) If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the A) first rat is likely sexually motivated. B) second rat is likely a female. C) first rat is likely a female. D) first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression. E) second rat is likely dominant to the first. Answer: D Diff:2 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

114) In rats, "boxing" is usually a sign of A) sexual motivation. B) aggression. C) predation.

D) defense against conspecific attack. E) a lack of sexual motivation in alpha males.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

115) The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of A) balance. B) learning. C) memory.

D) all of the above E) none of the above


116) The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study A) memory. B) anxiety or defensiveness. C) aggression.

D) all of the above E) both A and C


117) Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless A) it is by itself. B) it displays lordosis. C) the female displays lordosis.

D) the female has a low lordosis quotient. E) it first ejaculates.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior



118) Which of the following is a commonly used measure of male rat sexual behavior? A) number of mounts required to achieve an intromission B) number of intromissions required to achieve an ejaculation C) duration of the interval between an ejaculation and the reinitiation of mounting D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 124 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

119) Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats? A) postejaculatory interval B) mount frequency C) lordosis quotient

D) number of intromissions to ejaculation E) number of ejaculations to intromission


120) During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the A) conditional response. B) unconditional stimulus. C) other conditional stimulus.

D) operant response. E) classical stimulus.


121) In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by __________ and decreased by __________. A) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement B) reinforcement; punishment C) brain stimulation; food D) food; brain stimulation E) conditional stimuli; unconditional stimuli Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

122) The self-stimulation paradigm is A) a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. B) an operant conditioning paradigm. C) a punishment procedure.

D) both A and C E) both B and C




123) In most self-stimulation paradigms, A) laboratory animals press levers. B) laboratory animals stimulate their own brains through implanted electrodes. C) there is punishment, but no reinforcement. D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

124) The first time a wild rat encounters a food that it has never tasted before, it usually displays A) conditioned taste aversion. B) neophobia. C) thigmotaxis.

D) temporal contiguity. E) an emetic reaction.


125) Cancer patients sometimes develop conditioned taste aversions in response to their A) tumors. B) bad news. C) chemotherapy.

D) X-rays. E) ulcers.


126) The discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged the A) principle of equipotentiality. B) belief that temporal contiguity is necessary for conditioning. C) the engram theory of memory. D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

127) The radial arm maze is commonly used to study A) eating. B) motor activity. C) foraging for food.

D) Pavlovian conditioning. E) discrimination learning.


128) This apparatus is A) an elevated plus maze.B) a Hebb-Williams maze.C) a wheel maze.D) a Morris maze.E) none of the aboveAnswer: E

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 126 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience



129) Most radial arm mazes have A) 8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area. B) 8 or more arms radiating out from a central goal area. C) 8 arms that continuously revolve. D) no goal areas. E) no starting area. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 126 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

130) In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of A) the colors of the arms. B) the size of the arms. C) the number of the arms.

D) the length of the arms. E) external room cues.


131) The Morris water maze is commonly used to study A) fish behavior. B) spatial ability. C) maze running.

D) passive avoidance. E) swimming.


132) The typical Morris water maze A) is circular. B) contains a clearly visible escape platform. C) is filled with clear water.

D) all of the above E) both B and C

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 126 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior



133) If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then A) flee. B) bury it. C) dig a tunnel.

D) escape. E) build a nest.


134) Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of A) conditioned taste aversion. B) time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. C) self-stimulation. D) conditioned defensive burying. E) both B and D Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 125&127 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior



FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS

1) The patient is often injected with radioactive 2-DG before positron __________. Answer: emission tomography Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

2) The two most common techniques for producing images of human brain function are PET and functional __________. Answer: MRI Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

3) A technique for disrupting activity in an area of cortex in healthy human subjects is __________ stimulation. Answer: transcranial magnetic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

4) In human subjects, EEG electrodes are often fixed to the __________ . Answer: scalp Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

5) The unabbreviated name of the procedure used to record muscle tension is __________. Answer: electromyography Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

6) The SCL and SCR are influenced by __________ glands. Answer: sweat Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

7) Electrodes are typically implanted in subcortical structures by __________ surgery. Answer: stereotaxic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 111 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

8) Intracellular unit recording provides a measure of the __________ over time. Answer: membrane potential Diff: 3 Page Ref: 113 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

9) As the final step in the 2-deoxyglucose technique, brain slices are subjected to __________. Answer: autoradiography Diff: 3 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods



10) To facilitate immunochemistry, neurochemists have created stocks of __________ to most neuropeptides. Answer: antibodies Diff: 2 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods

11) Gene __________ techniques are used to create organisms that lack particular genes. Answer: knockout Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering

12) The test of intelligence that is most frequently used in neuropsychological assessment is abbreviated __________. Answer: WAIS Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

13) A commonly used test of short-term memory is the __________ subtest of the WAIS. Answer: digit span Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

14) In the open-field test, fearful rats are __________, that is, they stay near the walls of the test box. Answer: thigmotaxic Diff: 3 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

15) Sexually receptive female rats often assume the __________ posture when mounted by a male rat. Answer: lordosis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 124 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

16) Pavlovian conditioning typically involves repeatedly presenting the conditional stimulus just before the __________. Answer: unconditional stimulus Diff: 2 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

17) Many cancer patients receiving chemotherapy develop conditioned __________. Answer: taste aversions Diff: 1 Page Ref: 126 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

18) The __________ maze typically has eight or more arms and is used to study the spatial abilities of rats. Answer: radial arm Diff: 1 Page Ref: 125 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior



19) The typical __________ maze contains a hidden escape platform. Answer: Morris water Diff: 2 Page Ref: 126 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

20) If a rat is hurt by an object in a test chamber containing commercial bedding material, the rat will often __________ the object. Answer: bury Diff: 2 Page Ref: 127 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior



ESSAY AND OTHER MULTIPLE-MARK QUESTIONS

1) Describe and compare the various techniques commonly used for obtaining structural images of the living human brain. Answer: 50% for describing contrast X-rays (e.g., cerebral angiography), CT, and MRI50% for comparing them Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103-104 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain

2) Describe and compare the various methods for recording the electrical activity of the brain through invasive electrodes. Answer: 50% for describing intracellular unit recording, extracellular unit recording, multiple unit recording, and invasive EEG recording50% for comparing them Diff: 3 Page Ref: 113-114 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods

3) Describe the modern customized-test-battery approach to assessing the psychological deficits of neuropsychological patients. Give examples of two specific tests. How is this approach an improvement over previous approaches? Answer: 40% for describing the two phases of this approach40% for describing how this is an improvement over the standardized-test-battery approach20% for intelligently discussing two specific tests Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119-122 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

4) Discuss the assessment of memory deficits in neuropsychological patients. Discuss the effectiveness of the memory span and repetition priming tests. Answer: 50% for explaining that assessing memory deficits is complex because there are so many different kinds of memory deficits25% for describing the memory span test and its insensitivity to brain damage25% for describing the repetition priming tests and that it is particularly sensitive to brain damage Diff: 3 Page Ref: 120-122 Topic: 5.6 Neuropsychological Testing

5) Describe both the paired-image subtraction and the averaging techniques that are used in cognitive neuroscience research. Why are they employed? Answer: 35% for describing paired-image subtraction35% for describing averaging 30% for explaining why they are used Diff: 2 Page Ref: 122-123 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience



6) Describe the conditioned taste aversion phenomenon and how it changed how researchers thought about learning. Answer: 20% for describing the step-by-step assumption20% for describing the equipotentiality assumption20% for describing the temporal contiguity assumption40% for explaining how the discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged these three assumptions Diff: 3 Page Ref: 125-126 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

7) Your text describes three categories of paradigms for studying the behavior of laboratory animals. Name and describe the three categories, and describe one example of each. Answer: 25% for naming and describing "paradigms for the assessment of species common behaviors"25% for naming and describing "traditional conditioning paradigms"25% for naming and describing "seminatural animal learning paradigms"25% for naming and describing one test from each category Diff: 2 Page Ref: 124-128 Topic: 5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior


chapter 5 the research methods of...

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