powerpoint presentation for biopsychology, 9th edition … · for biopsychology, 9th edition ......

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

FOR BIOPSYCHOLOGY,

9TH EDITION

BY JOHN P.J. PINEL

P R E P A R E D B Y J E F F R E Y W . G R I M M

W E S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N U N I V E R S I T Y

COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

This multimedia product and its contents are protected

under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

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What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?

Chapter 1

Biopsychology as a

Neuroscience

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives LO1: Define and discuss the field of biopsychology.

LO2: Biopsychology is an integrative discipline. Explain.

LO3: Describe six areas of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to

biopsychological inquiry.

LO4: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of humans and nonhumans as

subjects in biopsychological research.

LO5: Compare experiments, quasiexperimental studies, and case studies,

emphasizing the study of causal effects.

LO6: Describe and compare the six divisions of biopsychology.

LO7: Explain how converging operations has contributed to the study of Korsakoff’s

syndrome.

LO8: Explain scientific inference with reference to research on eye movement and

the visual perception of motion.

LO9: Explain critical thinking and its relation to creative thinking in science.

LO10: Discuss Delgado’s bullring demonstration, emphasizing its flawed

interpretation.

LO11: Describe the rise and fall of prefrontal lobotomy.Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.




Four Major Themes

1. Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology

Base thinking on the evidence presented.

But also “think outside the box.”

2. Clinical Implications

Study of diseased or damaged brains leads to

new knowledge.

New knowledge leads to new treatments.

Four Major Themes (Con’t)

3. The Evolutionary Perspective

Consideration of environmental pressures on

human evolution

May use a comparative approach

4. Neuroplasticity

The brain is plastic, not static.



What Is Biopsychology?

“The Scientific Study of the Biology of

Behavior (Psychology)”

Psychology: The Scientific Study of Behavior

Also Called Psychobiology, Behavioral

Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience

Biopsychology emerged as a discipline in the

late 1940s.



What Is Biopsychology? (Con’t)

Hebb (1949) proposed that

psychological phenomena might be

produced by brain activity.

Hebb’s work helped discredit the notion

that psychological functions were too

complex to be derived from

physiological activities.



Biopsychology and Other

Disciplines of Neuroscience

Biopsychology utilizes the knowledge and

tools of other disciplines of neuroscience.

Each discipline studies a different aspect of

the nervous system that informs our

understanding of what produces and controls

behavior.



Other Disciplines of

Neuroscience

Neuroanatomy

Structure of the nervous system

Neurochemistry

Chemical bases of neural activity

Neuroendocrinology

Interactions between the nervous system and

the endocrine system



Other Disciplines of

Neuroscience (Con’t) Neuropathology

Nervous system disorders

Neuropharmacology

Effects of drugs on neural activity

Neurophysiology

Functions and activities of the nervous system



Biopsychological Research

Human and Nonhuman Subjects

Experiments and Nonexperiments

Pure and Applied Research



Human and Nonhuman

Subjects

Many questions about the biology of behavior

are addressed using human subjects.

However, much can be learned from studying

the brains of other species.

Species differences are often more

quantitative than qualitative.



Human and Nonhuman

Subjects (Con’t) Why use nonhumans?

Simpler brains makes it more likely that brain–behavior interactions will be revealed.

Comparative approach: Gain insight by making comparisons with other species

Fewer ethical restrictions for nonhumans than with humans Although nonhuman research also requires extensive

ethical oversight

Why use humans? They can follow instructions.

They make subjective reports.

They are often cheaper to work with.



Experiments and

Nonexperiments

Experiments involve the manipulation of

variables.

In nonexperiments, the researcher does not

control the variables of interest.

Quasiexperimental studies

Case studies



Experiments and

Nonexperiments (Con’t)

Experiments involving living subjects

require that subjects be placed in various

conditions.

Between-subjects design: Different group of

subjects tested under each condition

Within-subjects design: Same group of

subjects tested under each condition



Experiments and

Nonexperiments (Con’t) The difference between the conditions is the

independent variable.

The effect of the independent variable is the

dependent variable.

A confounded variable is a variable that

affects the dependent variable but is not

controlled for.



Experiments and

Nonexperiments (Con’t) Control of Confounded Variables

Example: The Coolidge effect

The Coolidge effect had been demonstrated

in males—but does it occur in females?

The confounded variables: A female hamster

may be more receptive to a new partner due

to novelty or to his vigor (compared to the

fatigued former partner).



FIGURE 1.3 The experimental design

and results of Lester and Gorzalka

(1988). On the third test, the female

hamsters were more sexually receptive

to an unfamiliar male than they were to

the male with which they had

copulated on the first test.



Quasiexperimental Studies: Studies of

Groups of Subjects Exposed to Conditions

in the Real World

These are not real experiments, as potential

confounded variables have not been

controlled for.

Experiments and




Case Studies Focus on a Single Individual,

such as Jimmie G.

Usually More In-Depth than Other

Approaches, but May Not Be Generalizable

Often a Source of a Testable Hypothesis

Generalizability: The Degree to which Results

Can Be Applied to Other Cases

Experiments and




Pure and Applied Research

Pure Research: Conducted for the Purpose of Acquiring Knowledge

Applied Research: Intended to Bring about Some Direct Benefit to Humankind

Often research projects have elements of both.



Divisions of Biopsychology

Six Major Divisions

Physiological psychology

Psychopharmacology

Neuropsychology

Psychophysiology

Cognitive neuroscience

Comparative psychology

Each has a different approach, but there is much overlap.




(Con’t) Physiological Psychology

Neural mechanisms of behavior

Controlled experiments with direct manipulation of the brain

Psychopharmacology

Controlled experiments of the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior

Neuropsychology

Psychological effects of brain damage in humans

Usually has a clinical emphasis



Psychophysiology

Relation between physiological activity and psychological processes

Example: Visual tracking is abnormal in schizophrenics


(Con’t)



FIGURE 1.4 Visual tracking of a

pendulum by a normal control subject

(top) and three schizophrenics.

(Adapted from Iacono & Koenig, 1983.)




(Con’t)

Cognitive Neuroscience

The neural bases of cognition

Functional brain imaging is the major method of

cognitive neuroscience.



FIGURE 1.5 Functional brain imaging is

the major method of cognitive

neuroscience. This image—taken from

the top of the head with the subject

lying on her back—reveals the

locations of high levels of neural

activity at one level of the brain as the

subject views a flashing light. The red

and yellow areas indicate high levels of

activity in the visual cortex at the back

of the brain. (Courtesy of Todd Handy,

Department of Psychology, University

of British Columbia.)



Comparative Psychology

Comparing different species to understand

evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior

Laboratory and/or ethological research


(Con’t)



Converging Operations

Using Multiple Approaches to Address a

Single Question



Converging Operations

Example: Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Korsakoff’s syndrome is a condition

characterized by severe memory loss and

most commonly seen in alcoholics.

Is Korsakoff’s the result of the toxic effects of

alcohol on the brain?



Converging Operations (Con’t)

Jimmie G.: An Alcoholic with Korsakoff’s

Syndrome

Korsakoff’s is also seen in malnourished persons

who have had little or no alcohol.

Thiamine-deficient rats exhibit memory deficits.

Alcohol accelerates the development of brain

damage in thiamine-deficient rats.



Exploring the possible causes of Korsakoff’s

using multiple approaches, or converging

operations, leads to more accurate findings.

Korsakoff’s syndrome is the result of thiamine

deficiency, but the damage is accelerated by

alcohol.

Converging Operations (Con’t)



Scientific Inference

The Empirical Method that Biopsychologists

Use to Study the Unobservable

Scientists measure what they can observe

and use these measures as a basis for

inferring what they can’t observe.

Example: How does the brain “see”

movement?



FIGURE 1.6 The perception of motion

under four different conditions.



Critical Thinking

The Ability to Evaluate Scientific

Claims by Identifying Potential

Omissions or Weaknesses in the

Evidence



Critical Thinking (Con’t)

Case 1: Delgado claims that a charging bull

can be tamed by means of stimulation of its

caudate nucleus.

Exciting account reported in popular press

Many possible alternative explanations

Morgan’s Canon: Give precedence to the

simplest interpretation for a behavioral

observation.



Critical Thinking (Con’t)

Case 2: Moniz wins a Nobel Prize for prefrontal lobotomy.

Adoption for human therapy based largely on study of a single chimpanzee

Inadequate postoperative evaluation of human patients, often by the physician who prescribed the surgery

Undesirable side effects such as amorality, lack of foresight, emotional unresponsiveness, epilepsy, and urinary incontinence



FIGURE 1.8 The prefrontal lobotomy

procedure developed by Moniz and

Lima.



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