Cardiovascular System

Chapter 5

Blood Flow

Blood Flow

Ischemia

A local and temporary

deficiency of blood

supply to tissue.

Caused by constriction

or occlusion (blockage)

of a blood vessel.

Arrhythmia

Irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat;

dysrhythmia

Arrhythmia

Bradycardia Normal heart rhythm

Fibrillation

Abnormal quivering or contraction of the heart fibers.

Untreated ventricular fibrillation leads to cardiac arrest and then death.

Defibrillation equipment is used to convert the heart to a normal beat

Heart Failure

Condition in which the heart cannot pump

enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Congestive Heart Failure

Pathological condition

in which there is a

reduced outflow of

blood from the left

side of the heart.

Results in lung

congestion, dyspnea

and fatigue. May

cause edema.

Heart Failure – the heart can’t pump enough

blood for the body’s needs

Congestive Heart Failure – reduced blood

outflow from left side of heart. (Leads to lung

congestion, dyspnea, fatigue, edema.)

Heart Failure vs. Congestive Heart Failure

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Condition in which the

leaflets of the mitral

valve prolapse into the

left atrium during

systole.

Results in incomplete

valve closure and

backflow of blood.

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening, hardening

and loss of elasticity

of arterial walls.

Results in altered

function of tissues and

organs.

Also called hardening

of the arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

A type of arteriosclerosis.

Accumulation of plaque.

Arteriosclerosis– thickening, hardening, loss of

elasticity of artery walls.

Atherosclerosis– a type of arteriosclerosis.

Plaque buildup.

Arteriosclerosis vs. Atherosclerosis

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Abnormal condition affecting arteries which

supply blood to the heart.

Myocardial Infarction

Heart muscle

damage caused by

partial or complete

occlusion of one or

more of the

coronary arteries.

Heart attack

Myocardial infarction – occlusion of a

coronary artery. Heart attack.

Angina pectoris – pain in chest due to ischemia

Can be a symptom of a heart attack.

MI vs. Angina

Embolus

A mass of undissolved matter present in a blood or lymphatic vessel brought there by the blood or lymph current.

May be solid, liquid or gaseous.

Occlusion of vessels from emboli usually results in the development of infarcts.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Formation of a blood

clot in a deep vein of

the body.

Occurs most

frequently in the iliac

(groin) and femoral

(thigh) veins

Embolus – undissolved matter (solid, liquid,

gas) in the blood which eventually blocks blood

flow.

Thrombus – blood clot attached to interior wall

of a blood vessel

Embolus vs. Thrombus

Localized dilation of a vessel wall due to a

weakness.

Can cause the vessel

to balloon and rupture.

Aneurysm

Stroke

Damage to part of the brain due to interruption of its blood supply.

Also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack.

Stroke

Caused by several different mechanisms:

Hemorrhage into the brain (17%);

Formation of an embolus or thrombus occluding an artery (83%).

Transient Ischemic Attack

Temporary

interference with

blood supply to the

brain, causing no

apparent permanent

brain damage.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – Temporary

interference with blood supply to the brain. No

permanent damage.

Stroke – Interference with blood supply to the

brain that causes long-term damage.

TIA vs. Stroke

Hypertension

Consistently elevated

blood pressure that is

higher than normal.

Hypertension

Hypertension causes

damage to the blood

vessels, kidneys, and

ultimately the heart.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth.

This results in an abnormal opening between the

pulmonary artery and the aorta.

Murmur

Abnormal sound heard on auscultation. Caused by abnormal valves.

Raynaud Disease

Vascular disorder in

which the fingers and

toes become cold,

numb and painful.

This occurs as a result

of temporary blood

vessel constriction in

the skin.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Damage to the heart

muscle and valves

resulting from a

Streptococcal

infection.

Example: Scarlet

Fever

Varicose Veins

Varicose Veins

Swollen, distended

veins caused by

incompetent venous

valves.

Most often seen in the

lower legs.

Varicose Veins

This example: Spider

Veins

Diagnostic Methods

Bruit

Soft blowing sound

heard on auscultation

caused by turbulent

blood flow.

Cardiac Enzyme Studies

Battery of blood tests performed to evaluate

cardiac damage.

Example: assay for troponin I.

Blood test that measures a protein that is

released into blood by damaged heart muscle.

This is a sensitive, specific indicator of recent

myocardial infarction.

Echocardiography

Ultrasound test used to visualize the heart.

Holter Monitor

Monitoring device

worn by patient.

Usually, a 24-hour

electrocardiogram is

recorded.

Stress Test

Method used to evaluate CV fitness by

monitoring ECG while patient is exercising

on a treadmill.

Treatment

Statins

Drugs that reduce low-density lipoproteins.

Thrombolytic Therapy

– Drug therapy used to dissolve blood clots

Cardiac Catheterization

A catheter is threaded through a large blood

vessel until it reaches into the heart.

Angioplasty

Any endovascular procedure that reopens

narrowed blood vessels and restores

forward blood flow.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

(CABG)

Surgery that bypasses blocked coronary

arteries using grafted vessels taken from

other parts of the body.

Valvuloplasty

Restorative surgery on a valve, especially

cardiac valves.

Holter monitor – external “walking” EKG

machine

Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) –

Paddles, “clear”, zap.

Automatic Implantable Cardioverter

Defibrillator (AICD) – implanted electric source

with wires into heart. Senses rhythm and zaps if

fibrillation is sensed.

Pacemaker – implanted electric source with wires

into heart. Provides low-level stimulation to

maintain normal heart rhythm.

Equipment Summary

Unit 5

Lymphatic System

Formation of Lymphatic Fluid

Lymphadenitis

Inflammation and

enlargement of the

lymph nodes usually

as a result of infection.

Mononucleosis

Acute infection caused

by the Epstein-Barr

virus (EBV).

Characterized by a

sore throat, fever,

fatigue, and enlarged

lymph nodes.

Hodgkin Disease

Disease causing

malignant solid tumors

that may originate in

lymphoid tissue.

Other organs and areas

will be invaded if the

disease is left

untreated.

Lymphosarcoma

Malignant disorder of

lymphatic tissue that is

not related to Hodgkin

disease.

Also called non-

Hodgkin lymphoma.

Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome Caused by human

immunodeficiency virus

(HIV).

Immune cells become

ineffective, increasing

susceptibility to

infections, malignancies,

and neurological diseases.

HIV is transmitted

sexually or through

contaminated blood.

Kaposi Sarcoma

Connective tissue malignancy associated

with HIV infections.

Diagnostic Methods

Lymphangiography

Radiographic examination of the lymphatic

system using an injected contrast medium.

Bone Marrow Aspiration Biopsy

Removal of bone marrow tissue so that it can

be evaluated microscopically.

Tissue Typing

Technique used to determine

histocompatibility (compatibility of tissues)

for transplants.