mcat mapping

UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON ROADMAP TO THE MCAT:

TRACKING MCAT CONTENT IN YOUR

NATURAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE COURSES

UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON OFFICE OF PREMEDICAL PROGRAMS

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University of Dayton MCAT Mapping

Introduction: One of the main criteria for selection of students to medical school is their performance on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). In 2015, the MCAT will change significantly, for the first time since 1991. The modifications reflect changes in both healthcare and an ever-evolving body of medical knowledge. MCAT 2015 will include a new section focusing on the psychological, social and biological foundations of behavior. The exam will test ways these areas influence various factors such as perception, reactions, and behavior as well as psychological, social and cultural differences that influence well-being. The MCAT also includes a “critical analysis and reasoning skills” section, which will test students’ ability to analyze, evaluate and apply information. Finally, two natural science sections will test concepts typically taught in introductory biology, general and organic chemistry, biochemistry, and physics. Recently the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) released two documents to help institutions plan for these changes and develop course content, which reflect the identified content areas of the new MCAT. The Preview Guide for MCAT 2015 provides a blueprint for the exam in that it describes the exam’s content and format and discusses the exam’s conceptual framework. The “Course-Mapping Tool” provides the MCAT content and skills contained in an Excel spreadsheet so that specific topics and sub-topics can be identified as being covered or not covered in specific courses. The Office of Premedical Programs has recently completed a course-mapping project in which content areas from MCAT 2015 were identified as being covered in specific University of Dayton courses. The following documents were developed as a result of this project involving faculty from the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Psychology, and Anthropology, Sociology and Social Work. These faculty were provided the MCAT course-mapping tool and were asked to identify within their courses where specific MCAT content are covered. The results of these analyses were compiled by the Office of Premedical Programs. Specifically, the following MCAT Sections were included in this course-mapping project:

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

The fourth section of the MCAT is titled Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS). It includes passages and questions to test the student’s ability to comprehend. Passages are excerpted from authentic materials found in a variety of books, journals and magazines, often from

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disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. The CARS section is NOT included in this course mapping since it tests comprehension and not knowledge typically covered in a specific course. The first document titled “Course List with Associated Topics” (page 4) lists courses from the natural and behavioral science departments along with identified MCAT content areas covered in each of these classes. It is expected that this document will be helpful to students and faculty. Students will be able to track and archive materials relevant to the MCAT as they complete these courses. They can also go back over course materials later and pull and archive these portions of the courses. Clearly, these materials will later be helpful for students as they organize and plan their study schedule for the exam. Faculty may find it useful to use this document to identify areas of focus in their courses and identify to students that these areas are typically included in the MCAT. Faculty often look for MCAT content areas to include in their exams as well. The second document is titled “Topic List with Associated Courses”(page 135). It provides a comprehensive listing of all of the content categories in the three identified sections of the MCAT. For each content category, specific courses are listed that include one or more topics or sub-topics in that content category. The degree to which a specific topic is covered in a particular course will vary greatly and it is important that the reader look at the more detailed description of content in any given course in the main “Course Listing with Associated Topics” section. This compilation is not intended to be the sole resource for preparation for the MCAT. Instead it is intended as a useful tool to assist in organizing and archiving MCAT related course materials and to help students begin their MCAT study as they are introduced to relevant materials, building a personal portfolio of these materials throughout their undergraduate studies.

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Topic List with Associated Courses This document is a list of the main University of Dayton courses from the natural and behavioral sciences that include content from the MCAT 2015 Exam. For each identified course, there is a list of topics typically covered in that course.

Table of Contents Page BIOLOGY 5 CHEMISTRY 68 PHYSICS 96 PSYCHOLOGY 99 SOCIOLOGY and ANTHROPOLOGY 128

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BIOLOGY BIO 151 & BIO 151L. Concepts of Biology I: Cell and Molecular Biology and Concepts of Biology Laboratory: Cell and Molecular Biology

Amino Acids ● Description

○ Absolute configuration at the position

○ Amino acids as dipolar ions

○ Classifications

■ Acidic or basic

■ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

● Reactions

○ Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine

○ Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins

○ Hydrolysis

Protein Structure ● Structure

○ 1° structure of proteins


○ 3° structure of proteins; role of proline, cystine,

hydrophobic bonding


● Conformational stability

○ Denaturing and folding

○ Hydrophobic interactions

● Separation techniques

○ Electrophoresis

Non-Enzymatic Protein Function ● Binding

● Immune system

● Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reaction

● Reduction of activation energy

● Substrates and enzyme specificity

● Induced-fit Model

● Mechanism of catalysis

○ Cofactors

○ Coenzyme

● Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

Control of Enzyme Activity ● Kinetics

6

○ General (catalysis)

○ Cooperativity

● Feedback regulation

● Inhibition – types

○ Competitive

○ Non-competitive

● Regulatory enzymes

○ Allosteric enzymes

○ Covalently-modified enzymes

○ Zymogen

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function ● Description

● Nucleotides and nucleosides

○ Sugar phosphate backbone

○ Pyrimidine, purine residues

● Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): double helix, Watson–Crick

model of DNA structure

● Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C

● Function in transmission of genetic information

● DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization

DNA Replication ● Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific

coupling of free nucleic acids

● Semi-conservative nature of replication

● Specific enzymes involved in replication

● Origins of replication, multiple origins in eukaryotes

● Replicating the ends of DNA molecules

Repair of DNA ● Repair during replication

● Repair of mutations

Genetic Code ● Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein

● The triplet code

● Codon-anticodon relationship

● Degenerate code, wobble pairing

● Missense, nonsense codons

● Initiation, termination codons

● Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription ● Transfer RNA (tRNA); ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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● Mechanism of transcription

● mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons

● Ribozymes, spliceosomes, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

(snRNPs), small nuclear RNA

(snRNAs) ● Functional and evolutionary importance of introns

Translation ● Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

● Role and structure of ribosomes

● Initiation, termination co-factors

● Post-translational modification of proteins

Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization ● Chromosomal proteins

● Single copy vs. repetitive DNA

● Supercoiling

● Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin

● Telomeres, centromeres

Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes ● Operon Concept, Jacob-Monod Model

● Gene repression in bacteria

● Positive control in bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes ● Transcriptional regulation

● DNA binding proteins, transcription factors

● Gene amplification and duplication

● Post-transcriptional control, basic concept of splicing

(introns, exons)

● Cancer as a failure of normal cellular controls, oncogenes,

tumor suppressor genes

● Regulation of chromatin structure

● DNA methylation

● Role of non-coding RNAs

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning

● Restriction enzymes

● DNA libraries

● Generation of cDNA

● Hybridization

● Expressing cloned genes

● Polymerase Chain Reaction

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● Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting

● DNA sequencing

● Analyzing gene expression

● Determining gene function

● Stem cells

● Practical applications of DNA technology: medical

applications, human gene therapy,

pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleanup, agriculture

● Safety and ethics of DNA technology

Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Mendelian Concepts

● Phenotype and genotype

● Gene

● Locus

● Allele: single and multiple

● Homozygosity and heterozygosity

● Wild-type

● Recessiveness

● Complete dominance

● Co-dominance

● Incomplete dominance

● Hybridization: viability

● Gene pool

Meiosis and Other Factors Affecting Genetic Variability ● Significance of meiosis

● Important differences between meiosis and mitosis

● Segregation of genes

○ Independent assortment

○ Linkage

○ Recombination

■ Single crossovers

■ Double crossovers

■ Synaptonemal complex

■ Tetrad

○ Sex-linked characteristics

○ Very few genes on Y chromosome

○ Sex determination

○ Cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

● Mutation

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○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA

sequence

○ Types of mutations: random, translation error,

transcription error, base substitution,

inversion, addition, deletion, translocation, mispairing ○ Advantageous vs. deleterious mutation

○ Inborn errors of metabolism

○ Relationship of mutagens to carcinogens

● Genetic drift

● Synapsis or crossing-over mechanism for increasing genetic

diversity

Analytic Methods ● Test cross

● Gene mapping: crossover frequencies

Principles of Bioenergetics ● Bioenergetics/thermodynamics

○ Free energy/Keq

■ Equilibrium constant

■ Relationship of the equilibrium constant and

ΔG°

○ Concentration

○ Endothermic/exothermic reactions

○ Free energy: G

○ Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

● Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP

○ ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0

○ ATP group transfers

● Biological oxidation-reduction

○ Half-reactions

○ Soluble electron carriers

○ Flavoproteins

Carbohydrates ● Description

○ Nomenclature and classification, common names

○ Absolute configuration

○ Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses

○ Epimers and anomers

● Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage

● Monosaccharides

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● Disaccharides

● Polysaccharides

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway ● Glycolysis (aerobic), substrates and products

○ Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism

● Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis)

● Gluconeogenesis

● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Principles of Metabolic Regulation ● Regulation of metabolic pathways

○ Maintenance of a dynamic steady state

● Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

● Metabolism of glycogen

● Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

○ Allosteric and hormonal control

● Analysis of metabolic control

Citric Acid Cycle ● Acetyl-CoA production

● Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products

● Regulation of the cycle


Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins ● Description of fatty acids

● Oxidation of fatty acids

○ Saturated fats

○ Unsaturated fats

● Ketone bodies

● Anabolism of fats

Oxidative Phosphorylation

● Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation,

substrates and products, general features of the pathway

● Electron transfer in mitochondria

○ NADH, NADPH

○ Flavoproteins

○ Cytochromes

● ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling

○ Proton motive force


● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

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● Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism ● Higher level integration of hormone structure and function

● Tissue specific metabolism

● Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism

● Obesity and regulation of body mass

Plasma Membrane ● General function in cell containment

● Composition of membranes

○ Lipid components

■ Phospholipids (and phosphatids)

■ Steroids

■ Waxes

○ Protein components

○ Fluid mosaic model

● Membrane dynamics

● Solute transport across membranes

○ Thermodynamic considerations

○ Osmosis

■ Colligative properties, osmotic pressure

○ Passive transport

○ Active transport

■ Sodium/potassium pump

● Membrane channels

● Membrane potential

● Membrane receptors

● Exocytosis and endocytosis

● Intercellular junctions

○ Gap junctions

○ Tight junctions

○ Desmosomes

Membrane-Bound Organelles and Defining Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

● Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound

nucleus, presence of organelles,

● mitotic division

● Nucleus

○ Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information

○ Nucleolus: location and function

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○ Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

● Mitochondria

○ Site of ATP production

○ Inner and outer membrane structure

○ Self-replication

● Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic

enzymes

● Endoplasmic reticulum

○ Rough and smooth components

○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes

○ Double membrane structure

○ Role in membrane biosynthesis

○ Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins

● Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and

secretion

● Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

Cytoskeleton ● General function in cell support and movement

● Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and

contractility

● Microtubules: composition and role in support and transport

● Intermediate filaments, role in support

● Composition and function of cilia and flagella

● Centrioles, microtubule organizing centers

Tissues Formed From Eukaryotic Cells ● Epithelial cells

● Connective tissue cells

Cell Theory ● History and development

● Impact on biology

Classification and Structure of Prokaryotic Cells ● Prokaryotic domains

○ Archaea

○ Bacteria

● Major classifications of bacteria by shape

○ Bacilli (rod-shaped)

○ Spirilli (spiral shaped)

○ Cocci (spherical)

● Lack of nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus

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● Lack of typical eukaryotic organelles

● Presence of cell wall in bacteria

● Flagellar propulsion, mechanism

Growth and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells ● Reproduction by fission

● High degree of genetic adaptability, acquisition of antibiotic

resistance

● Exponential growth

● Existence of anaerobic and aerobic variants

● Parasitic and symbiotic

● Chemotaxis

Genetics of Prokaryotic Cells ● Existence of plasmids, extragenomic DNA

● Transformation: incorporation into bacterial genome of DNA

fragments from external medium

● Conjugation

● Transposons (also present in eukaryotic cells)

Virus Structure ● General structural characteristics (nucleic acid and protein,

enveloped and nonenveloped)

● Lack organelles and nucleus

● Structural aspects of typical bacteriophage

● Genomic content--RNA or DNA

● Size relative to bacteria and eukaryotic cells

Viral Life Cycle ● Self-replicating biological units that must reproduce within

specific host cell

● Generalized phage and animal virus life cycles

○ Attachment to host, penetration of cell membrane or

cell wall, and entry of viral genetic

○ material

○ Use of host synthetic mechanism to replicate viral

components

○ Self-assembly and release of new viral particles

● Transduction: transfer of genetic material by viruses

● Retrovirus life cycle: integration into host DNA, reverse

transcriptase, HIV

● Prions and viroids: subviral particles

Mitosis ● Mitotic process: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,

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interphase

● Mitotic structures

○ Centrioles, asters, spindles

○ Chromatids, centromeres, kinetochores

○ Nuclear membrane breakdown and reorganization

○ Mechanisms of chromosome movement

● Phases of cell cycle: G0, G1, S, G2, M

● Growth arrest

● Control of cell cycle

● Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

Biosignalling ● Apoptosis

Biosignalling ● Gated ion channels

○ Voltage gated

○ Ligand gated

● Receptor enzymes

● G protein-coupled receptors

Lipids ● Description; structure

○ Steroids

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

● Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition



● Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double helix

● Chemistry

● Other functions

Enzymes ● Classification by reaction type

● Mechanism

○ Substrates and enzyme specificity

○ Induced-fit model

○ Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins

● Kinetics


○ Cooperativity

○ Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

● Inhibition

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○ Allosteric

○ Covalently modified

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BIO152 & BIO 152L. Concepts of Biology II: Evolution and Ecology & Concepts of Biology Laboratory II: Evolution and Ecology

Mendelian Concepts ● Phenotype and genotype

● Gene

● Locus



● Wild-type

● Recessiveness


● Co-dominance

● Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity


● Gene pool





○ Linkage

○ Recombination




■ Tetrad





● Mutation


sequence






● Genetic drift


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diversity

Analytic Methods ● Hardy–Weinberg Principle

● Test cross


● Biometry: statistical methods

Evolution ● Natural selection

○ Fitness concept

○ Selection by differential reproduction

○ Concepts of natural and group selection

○ Evolutionary success as increase in percent

representation in the gene pool of the next

○ generation

● Speciation

○ Polymorphism

○ Adaptation and specialization

○ Inbreeding

○ Outbreeding

○ Bottlenecks

● Evolutionary time as measured by gradual random changes

in genome

Reproductive System ● Gametogenesis by meiosis

● Ovum and sperm

○ Differences in formation

○ Differences in morphology

○ Relative contribution to next generation

● Reproductive sequence: fertilization, implantation,

development, birth

Embryogenesis ● Stages of early development (order and general features of

each)

○ Fertilization

○ Cleavage

○ Blastula formation

○ Gastrulation

■ First cell movements

■ Formation of primary germ layers (endoderm,

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mesoderm, ectoderm)

○ Neurulation

● Major structures arising out of primary germ layers

● Neural crest

● Environment–gene interaction in development

Mechanisms of Development ● Cell specialization

○ Determination

○ Differentiation

○ Tissue types

● Cell–cell communication in development

● Cell migration

● Pluripotency: stem cells

● Gene regulation in development

● Programmed cell death

● Existence of regenerative capacity in various species

● Senescence and aging

Nervous System: Structure and Function (BIO 152) ● Major Functions

○ High level control and integration of body systems

○ Adaptive capability to external influences

● Organization of vertebrate nervous system

● Sensor and effector neurons

● Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:

antagonistic control

● Reflexes

○ Feedback loop, reflex arc

○ Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

● Integration with endocrine system: feedback control

Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources ● Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at

cell, tissue, and organ level

● Definitions of endocrine gland, hormone

● Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products

● Major types of hormones

● Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and

hormonal systems

Endocrine System: Mechanisms of Hormone Action ● Cellular mechanisms of hormone action

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● Transport of hormones: blood supply

● Specificity of hormones: target tissue

● Integration with nervous system: feedback control regulation

by second messengers

Respiratory System ● General function

○ Gas exchange, thermoregulation

○ Protection against disease: particulate matter

● Structure of lungs and alveoli

● Breathing mechanisms

○ Diaphragm, rib cage, differential pressure

○ Resiliency and surface tension effects

● Thermoregulation: nasal and tracheal capillary beds;

evaporation, panting

● Particulate filtration: nasal hairs, mucus/cilia system in lungs

● Alveolar gas exchange

○ Diffusion, differential partial pressure

○ Henry’s Law

● pH control

● Regulation by nervous control

○ CO2 sensitivity

Circulatory System ● Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions

and fluids, removal of metabolic

waste ● Role in thermoregulation

● Four-chambered heart: structure and function

● Endothelial cells

● Systolic and diastolic pressure

● Pulmonary and systemic circulation

● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules,

veins)

○ Structural and functional differences

○ Pressure and flow characteristics

● Capillary beds

○ Mechanisms of gas and solute exchange

○ Mechanism of heat exchange

○ Source of peripheral resistance

● Composition of blood

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○ Plasma, chemicals, blood cells

○ Erythrocyte production and destruction; spleen, bone

marrow

○ Regulation of plasma volume

● Coagulation, clotting mechanisms

● Oxygen transport by blood

○ Hemoglobin, hematocrit

○ Oxygen content

○ Oxygen affinity

○ Oxygen transport by blood; modification of oxygen

affinity

● Carbon dioxide transport and level in blood

● Nervous and endocrine control

Lymphatic System ● Structure of lymphatic system

● Major functions

○ Equalization of fluid distribution

○ Transport of proteins and large glycerides

○ Production of lymphocytes involved in immune

reactions

○ Return of materials to the blood

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BIO 301. Evolution Mendelian Concepts ● Phenotype and genotype

● Gene

● Locus



● Wild-type

● Recessiveness


● Co-dominance



● Gene pool

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BIO 312 & BIO 312L. General Genetics & Genetics Laboratory




○ Classifications

■ Acidic or basic


● Reactions



○ Hydrolysis





hydrophobic bonding





○ Solvation layer (entropy)


○ Isoelectric point

○ Electrophoresis


● Immune system

● Motors










DNA Replication

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● Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific



























● Supercoiling






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(introns, exons)




● DNA methylation




● DNA libraries


● Hybridization




● DNA sequencing



● Stem cells





Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Mendelian Concepts

● Phenotype and genotype

● Gene

● Locus



● Wild-type

● Recessiveness


● Co-dominance

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● Gene pool





○ Linkage

○ Recombination




■ Tetrad





● Mutation


sequence






● Genetic drift


diversity

Analytic Methods ● Hardy–Weinberg Principle

● Test cross


● Biometry: statistical methods


○ Fitness concept


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○ generation

● Speciation

○ Polymorphism


○ Inbreeding

○ Outbreeding

○ Bottlenecks

● Evolutionary time as measured by gradual random changes

in genome

Genetics of Prokaryotic Cells (BIO 312L) ● Existence of plasmids, extragenomic DNA



● Conjugation



interphase







● Growth arrest




○ Voltage gated

○ Ligand gated



Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids ● Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition


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● Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double helix

● Chemistry

● Other functions


● Mechanism


○ Active site model



● Kinetics


○ Michaelis-Menten

○ Cooperativity


● Inhibition


○ Allosteric

● Covalently modified

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BIO 403 & BIO 403L. Physiology I & Physiology Laboratory I









■ Steroids

■ Waxes






○ Osmosis










○ Gap junctions

○ Tight junctions

○ Desmosomes

○

Nerve Cell ● Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles

● Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body

● Axon: structure and function

● Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon

● Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon

● Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells

● Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules

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● Resting potential: electrochemical gradient

● Action potential

○ Threshold, all-or-none

○ Sodium/potassium pump

● Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency

of firing

● Glial cells, neuroglia

Electrochemistry ● Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst

equation







hormonal systems




● Integration with nervous system: feedback control regulation

by second messengers













○ Henry’s Law

● pH control

30


● CO2 sensitivity









veins)



● Capillary beds







marrow





○ Oxygen content

○ Oxygen affinity


affinity




● Major functions




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reactions

● Return of materials to the blood

Digestive System ● Ingestion

○ Saliva as lubrication and source of enzymes

○ Ingestion, esophagus, transport function

● Stomach

○ Storage and churning of food

○ Low pH, gastric juice, mucal protection against self-

destruction

○ Production of digestive enzymes, site of digestion

○ Structure (gross)

● Liver

○ Structural relationship of liver within gastrointestinal

system

○ Production of bile

○ Role in blood glucose regulation, detoxification

● Bile

○ Storage in gall bladder

○ Function

● Pancreas

○ Production of enzymes

○ Transport of enzymes to small intestine

● Small Intestine

○ Absorption of food molecules and water

○ Function and structure of villi

○ Production of enzymes, site of digestion

○ Neutralization of stomach acid

○ Structure (anatomic subdivisions)

● Large Intestine

○ Absorption of water

○ Bacterial flora


● Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces

● Muscular control

○ Peristalsis

● Endocrine control

○ Hormones

○ Target tissues

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● Nervous control: the enteric nervous system

Excretory System ● Roles in homeostasis

○ Blood pressure

○ Osmoregulation

○ Acid-base balance

○ Removal of soluble nitrogenous waste

● Kidney structure

○ Cortex

○ Medulla

● Nephron structure

○ Glomerulus

○ Bowman’s capsule

○ Proximal tubule

○ Loop of Henle

○ Distal tubule

○ Collecting duct

● Formation of urine

○ Glomerular filtration

○ Secretion and reabsorption of solutes

○ Concentration of urine

○ Counter-current multiplier mechanism

● Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra

● Osmoregulation: capillary reabsorption of H2O, amino acids,

glucose, ions

● Muscular control: sphincter muscle

Reproductive System ● Male and female reproductive structures and their functions

○ Gonads

○ Genitalia

○ Differences between male and female structures

● Hormonal control of reproduction

○ Male and female sexual development

○ Female reproductive cycle

○ Pregnancy, parturition, lactation

● Integration with nervous control

Muscle System ● Important functions

○ Support: mobility

33

○ Peripheral circulatory assistance

○ Thermoregulation (shivering reflex)

● Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth,

cardiac

● Muscle structure and control of contraction

○ T-tubule system

○ Contractile apparatus

○ Sarcoplasmic reticulum

○ Fiber type

○ Contractile velocity of different muscle types

● Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

● Oxygen debt: fatigue

● Nervous control

○ Motor neurons

○ Neuromuscular junction, motor end plates

○ Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

○ Voluntary and involuntary muscles

Specialized Cell-Muscle Cell ● Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac

muscle

● Abundant mitochondria in red muscle cells: ATP source

● Organization of contractile elements: actin and myosin

filaments, crossbridges, sliding filament model

● Sarcomeres: “I” and “A” bands, “M” and “Z” lines, “H” zone

● Presence of troponin and tropomyosin

● Calcium regulation of contraction

Skin System ● Structure

○ Layer differentiation, cell types

○ Relative impermeability to water

● Functions in homeostasis and osmoregulation

● Functions in thermoregulation

○ Hair, erectile musculature

○ Fat layer for insulation

○ Sweat glands, location in dermis

○ Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface

capillaries

● Physical protection

○ Nails, calluses, hair

34

○ Protection against abrasion, disease organisms

● Hormonal control: sweating, vasodilation, and

vasoconstriction

Circulatory System ● Arterial and venous systems; pressure and flow

characteristics


● Mechanism


○ Active site model



● Kinetics



○ Cooperativity


● Inhibition


○ Allosteric


Memory ● Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and

learning

○ Neural plasticity

○ Memory and learning

● Long-term potentiation

Emotion ● The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion

○ The role of the limbic system in emotion

○ Emotion and the autonomic nervous system

35

BIO 411 & BIO 411L. General Microbiology & General Microbiology Laboratory


● Immune system

● Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions














● DNA libraries

● DNA sequencing




○ Free energy/Keq


■ Relationship of the equilibrium constant and

ΔG°

○ Concentration

■ Le Châtelier’s Principle


○ Free energy: G


36





○ Half-reactions


○ Flavoproteins


○ Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism


● Gluconeogenesis

● Pentose phosphate pathway





● Analysis of metabolic control







○ Saturated fats


● Metabolism of proteins

Oxidative Phosphorylation ● Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation,



○ NADH, NADPH

○ Flavoproteins

○ Cytochromes

● ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling



37

● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation





■ Steroids

■ Waxes






○ Osmosis











○ Archaea

○ Bacteria











38

resistance




● Chemotaxis




● Conjugation









specific host cell


○ Attachment to host, penetration of cell membrane or

cell wall, and entry of viral genetic

○ material


components




transcriptase, HIV



○ Steroids

Enzymes ● Inhibition


○ Allosteric


39

BIO 415. Neurobiology












● Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency

of firing


Specialized Cell - Nerve Cell ● Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon


Sensory Processing ● Sensation

○ Thresholds

○ Weber’s Law

○ Signal detection theory

○ Sensory adaptation

● Sensory receptors

○ Sensory pathways

● Types of sensory receptors

Vision ● Structure and function of the eye

● Visual processing

○ Visual pathways in the brain

○ Parallel processing

● Feature detection

Hearing ● Auditory processing

○ Auditory pathways in the brain

● Sensory reception by hair cells

Other Senses ● Somatosensation

○ Pain perception

40

● Taste

○ Taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific

chemicals

● Smell

○ Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific

chemicals

○ Pheromones

○ Olfactory pathways in the brain

● Kinesthetic sense

● Vestibular sense

Cognition ● Information-processing model

● Cognitive development

○ Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

○ Cognitive changes in late adulthood

○ Role of culture in cognitive development

○ Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive

development

● Biological factors that affect cognition

● Problem solving and decision making

○ Types of problem solving

○ Barriers to effective problem solving

○ Approaches to problem solving

○ Heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotion

■ Overconfidence and belief perseverance

● Intellectual functioning

○ Multiple definitions of intelligence

○ Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence

● Variations in intellectual ability

Consciousness ● States of consciousness

○ Alertness

○ Sleep

■ Stages of sleep

■ Sleep cycles and changes to sleep cycles

■ Sleep and circadian rhythms

■ Dreaming

■ Sleep disorders

○ Hypnosis and meditation

41

● Consciousness altering drugs

○ Types of consciousness altering drugs and their

effects on the nervous system and

behavior ● Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain

Memory ● Encoding

○ Process of encoding information

○ Processes that aid in encoding memories

● Storage

○ Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working,

long-term)

○ Semantic networks and spreading activation

● Retrieval

○ Recall, recognition, and relearning

○ Retrieval cues

○ The role of emotion in retrieving memories

● Forgetting

○ Aging and memory

○ Memory dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease,

Korsakoff’s syndrome)

○ Decay

○ Interference

○ Memory construction and source monitoring

● Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and

learning

○ Neural plasticity

○ Memory and learning

● Long-term potentiation

Language ● Theories of language development (e.g., learning, Nativist,

Interactionist)

● Influence of language on cognition

● Different brain areas control language and speech

Emotion ● Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological,

behavioral)

● Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy,

disgust, sadness)

42

● Adaptive role of emotion

● Theories of emotion

○ James-Lange theory

○ Cannon-Bard theory

○ Schachter-Singer theory

● The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion

○ Generation and experience of emotions involve many

brain regions

○ The role of the limbic system in emotion

○ Emotional experiences can be stored as memories

that can be recalled by similar

○ circumstances

○ Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional experience,

and is also important in

○ temperament and decision making

○ Emotion and the autonomic nervous system

● Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of emotion)

Stress ● The nature of stress

○ Appraisal

○ Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events,

personal, etc.)

○ Effects of stress on psychological functions

● Stress outcomes/response to stressors

○ Physiological

○ Emotional

○ Behavioral

● Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques,

spirituality, etc.)

Biological Bases of Behavior ● The nervous system

○ Neurons

■ The reflex arc

○ Neurotransmitters

○ Peripheral nervous system

○ Central nervous system

■ The brain

○ The brainstem

○ The cerebellum

43

○ The diencephalon

○ The cerebrum

○ Control of voluntary movement in the

cerebral cortex

○ Information processing in the cerebral

cortex

○ Lateralization of cortical functions

○ Methods of studying the brain

● Neurons communicate and influence behavior

● Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior

● The endocrine system

○ Components of the endocrine system

○ Effects of the endocrine system on behavior

● Behavioral genetics

○ Genes, temperament, and heredity

○ Adaptive value of traits and behaviors

○ Interaction between heredity and environmental

influences

● Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the

development of behaviors

○ Experience and behavior

○ Regulatory genes and behavior

○ Genetically based behavioral variation in natural

populations

● Human physiological development

○ Prenatal development

○ Motor development

● Developmental changes in adolescence

Associative Learning ● Classical conditioning

○ Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli

○ Conditioned and unconditioned response

○ Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous

recovery, generalization, discrimination

● Operant conditioning

○ Processes of shaping and extinction

○ Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary,

conditional

○ Reinforcement schedules: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio,

44

fixed-interval, variable-interval

○ Punishment

○ Escape and avoidance learning

● Cognitive processes that affect associative learning

● Biological factors that affect associative learning

○ Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed

○ Learned behaviors are modified based on experiences

○ Development of learned behaviors

45

BIO 427. Immunology


● Immune system

● Motors

Immune System ● Innate (non-specific) vs. adaptive (specific) immunity

● Adaptive immune system cells

○ T-lymphocytes

○ B-lymphocytes

● Innate immune system cells

○ Macrophages

○ Phagocytes

● Concept of antigen and antibody

● Antigen presentation

● Clonal selection

● Antigen-antibody recognition

● Structure of antibody molecule

● Recognition of self vs. non-self, autoimmune diseases

● Major histocompatibility complex

46

BIO 440. Cell Biology




○ Classifications

■ Acidic or basic


● Reactions



○ Hydrolysis





hydrophobic bonding








○ Electrophoresis













47

■ Steroids

■ Waxes






○ Osmosis










○ Gap junctions

○ Tight junctions

○ Desmosomes




● mitotic division

● Nucleus




● Mitochondria



○ Self-replication


enzymes




○ Double membrane structure

48

○ Role in membrane biosynthesis

○ Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins


secretion




contractility










interphase







● Growth arrest



Biosignalling ● Oncogenes, apoptosis


○ Voltage gated

○ Ligand gated



Specialized Cell-Muscle Cell

49

● Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac

muscle







50

BIO 442 & 442L. Developmental Biology & Developmental Biology Laboratory

Protein Structure ● Separation techniques


○ Electrophoresis

Non-Enzymatic Protein Function ● Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Substrates and enzyme specificity

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function ● Function in transmission of genetic information



Transcription ● Mechanism of transcription


Translation ● Post-translational modification of proteins







(introns, exons)




● DNA methylation



● DNA libraries


● Hybridization




51

● DNA sequencing



● Stem cells






● Gene


● Wild-type

● Recessiveness

Meiosis and Other Factors Affecting Genetic Variability ● Important differences between meiosis and mitosis


○ Recombination




■ Tetrad


● Mutation


sequence


diversity

Plasma Membrane ● Membrane receptors


● Nucleus




Cytoskeleton

● General function in cell support and movement

52


contractility








interphase







● Growth arrest



Biosignalling ● apoptosis


● Ovum and sperm





development, birth


each)

○ Fertilization

○ Cleavage


○ Gastrulation



53

mesoderm, ectoderm)

○ Neurulation


● Neural crest



○ Determination

○ Differentiation

○ Tissue types


● Cell migration




Nervous System: Structure and Function Major Functions

o High level control and integration of body systems o Adaptive capability to external influences

Organization of vertebrate nervous system Sensor and effector neurons Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: antagonistic

control Reflexes

o Feedback loop, reflex arc o Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

Integration with endocrine system: feedback control

Nerve Cell Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body Axon: structure and function Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules Resting potential: electrochemical gradient Action potential

o Threshold, all-or-none o Sodium/potassium pump

Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency of firing

Glial cells, neuroglia

Biosignalling Receptor enzymes

54

G protein-coupled receptors Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources
















waste ● Four-chambered heart: structure and function





veins)






marrow


Lymphatic System ● Major functions




reactions

55

Immune System ● Adaptive immune system cells

○ T-lymphocytes

○ B-lymphocytes


○ Macrophages

○ Phagocytes






● Stomach



destruction



● Liver


system



● Bile


○ Function

● Pancreas



● Small Intestine






● Large Intestine


○ Bacterial flora

56




○ Hormones

○ Target tissues



○ Blood pressure

○ Osmoregulation




○ Cortex

○ Medulla


○ Glomerulus


○ Proximal tubule

○ Loop of Henle

○ Distal tubule

○ Collecting duct



○ Gonads

○ Genitalia






Skeletal System ● Functions

○ Structural rigidity and support

○ Calcium storage

○ Physical protection

● Skeletal structure

○ Specialization of bone types, structures

57

○ Joint structures

○ Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton

● Bone structure

○ Calcium/protein matrix

○ Cellular composition of bone

● Cartilage: structure and function

● Ligaments, tendons










capillaries




Specialized Cell - Nerve Cell ● Myelin sheath

Geometrical Optics Optical Instruments, including the human eye

Stoichiometry Molecular weight Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry Description of composition by percent mass

Solubility Units of concentration (e.g., molarity)

Separations and Purifications Separation and purification of peptides and proteins

o Electrophoresis o Quantitative analysis o Chromatography

Size-exclusion Ion-exchange Affinity

o Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers

Non-Enzymatic Protein Function

58

Motors Vision

Structure and function of the eye Other Senses

Smell o Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific

chemicals o Olfactory pathways in the brain

Biological Bases of Behavior The nervous system

o Neurons The reflex arc

o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system

The brain The brainstem The cerebellum The diencephalon The cerebrum Control of voluntary movement in the

cerebral cortex Information processing in the cerebral

cortex Lateralization of cortical functions Methods of studying the brain

Psychological Disorders Biological bases of nervous system disorders

o Alzheimer’s disease o Parkinson’s disease o Stem cell-based therapy to regenerate neurons in CNS

59

BIO 462. Molecular Biology





hydrophobic bonding








○ Electrophoresis

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions

● Enzyme classification by reaction type



● Active Site Model



○ Cofactors

○ Coenzymes

○ Water-soluble vitamins





○ Cooperativity



○ Competitive

○ Non-competitive

○ Mixed

○ Uncompetitive



60


○ Zymogen
































61






● Supercoiling










(introns, exons)




● DNA methylation


62

BIO 470. Cancer Biology







63

BIO 475 & 475L. Human Anatomy & Human Anatomy Laboratory


● Ovum and sperm





development, birth

Nervous System: Structure and Function Major Functions

o High level control and integration of body systems o Adaptive capability to external influences

Organization of vertebrate nervous system Sensor and effector neurons Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: antagonistic

control Reflexes

o Feedback loop, reflex arc o Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

Integration with endocrine system: feedback control







hormonal systems












and fluids, removal of metabolic waste

64




veins)



● Capillary beds




Lymphatic System Major functions

o Equalization of fluid distribution o Transport of proteins and large glycerides o Production of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions o Return of materials to the blood




● Stomach



destruction



● Liver


system



● Bile


○ Function

● Pancreas



● Small Intestine



65




● Large Intestine


○ Bacterial flora




○ Hormones

○ Target tissues



○ Blood pressure

○ Osmoregulation




○ Cortex

○ Medulla


○ Glomerulus


○ Proximal tubule

○ Loop of Henle

○ Distal tubule

○ Collecting duct



○ Gonads

○ Genitalia






66

● Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth,

cardiac

● Nervous control

○ Motor neurons






○ Calcium storage















capillaries




Geometrical Optics Optical Instruments, including the human eye

Sensory Processing Sensory receptors

o Sensory pathways o Types of sensory receptors

Vision Structure and function of the eye

Hearing Auditory processing

o Auditory pathways in the brain

67

Other Senses Taste

o Taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals Smell

o Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals

o Pheromones o Olfactory pathways in the brain

Vestibular sense



o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system




The endocrine system o Components of the endocrine system o Effects of the endocrine system on behavior

68

CHEMISTRY CHM 123 & 123L. General Chemistry & General Chemistry Laboratory

Work Derived units, sign conventions Mechanical advantage Work Kinetic Energy Theorem

Energy Kinetic Energy: KE = ½ mv2; units Potential Energy

o PE = mgh (gravitational, local) o PE = ½ kx2(spring)

Conservation of energy Conservative forces Power, units

Gas Phase Absolute temperature, (K) Kelvin Scale Pressure, simple mercury barometer Molar volume at 0°C and 1 atm = 22.4 L/mol Ideal gas

o Definition o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT o Boyle’s Law: PV = constant o Charles’ Law: V/T = constant o Avogadro’s Law: V/n = constant

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases o Heat capacity at constant volume and at constant pressure o Boltzmann’s Constant

Deviation of real gas behavior from Ideal Gas Law o Qualitative o Quantitative (Van der Waals’ Equation)

Partial pressure, mole fraction Dalton’s Law relating partial pressure to composition

Light, Electromagnetic Radiation Concept of Interference; Young Double-slit Experiment Thin films, diffraction grating, single-slit diffraction Other diffraction phenomena, X-ray diffraction Polarization of light Circular polarization Properties of electromagnetic radiation

o Velocity equals constant c, in vacuo o Electromagnetic radiation consists of perpendicularly

oscillating electric and magnetic o fields; direction of propagation is perpendicular to both

Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E = (hf) Visual spectrum, color

Atomic Nucleus Atomic number, atomic weight Neutrons, protons, isotopes

69

Nuclear forces, binding energy Radioactive decay

o α, β, γ decay o Half-life, exponential decay, semi-log plots

Mass spectrometer

Electronic Structure Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum number n,

number of electrons per orbital Ground state, excited states Absorption and emission line spectra Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle Paramagnetism and diamagnetism Conventional notation for electronic structure Bohr atom Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Effective nuclear charge Photoelectric effect

The Periodic Table - Classification of Elements into Groups by Electronic Structure

Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals: their chemical characteristics Halogens: their chemical characteristics Noble gases: their physical and chemical characteristics Transition metals Representative elements Metals and non-metals Oxygen group

The Periodic Table - Variations of Chemical Properties with Group and Row

Valence electrons First and second ionization energy

o Definition o Prediction from electronic structure for elements in different

groups or rows Electron affinity

o Definition o Variation with group and row

Electronegativity o Definition o Comparative values for some representative elements and

important groups Electron shells and the sizes of atoms Electron shells and the sizes of ions

Stoichiometry Molecular weight Empirical versus molecular formula Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry Description of composition by percent mass

70

Mole concept, Avogadro’s number NA Definition of density Oxidation number

o Common oxidizing and reducing agents o Disproportionation reactions

Description of reactions by chemical equations o Conventions for writing chemical equations o Balancing equations, including redox equations o Limiting reactants

Theoretical yields

Ions in Solutions Anion, cation: common names, formulas and charges for familiar ions

(e.g., NH4+ ammonium, PO43– phosphate, SO42– sulfate) Hydration, the hydronium ion

Titration Indicators Neutralization Interpretation of the titration curves Redox titration

Covalent Bond Lewis Electron Dot formulas

o Resonance structures o Formal charge o Lewis acids and bases

Partial ionic character o Role of electronegativity in determining charge distribution o Dipole Moment

σ and π bonds o Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective geometries o Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the prediction of

shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2) o Structural formulas for molecules involving H, C, N, O, F, S, P, Si,

Cl o Delocalized electrons and resonance in ions and molecules

Multiple bonding o Affect on bond length and bond energies o Rigidity in molecular structure

Stereochemistry of covalently bonded molecules o Isomers

Structural isomers Stereoisomers (e.g., diastereomers, enantiomers,

cis/trans isomers) Conformational isomers

o Polarization of light, specific rotation o Absolute and relative configuration

Conventions for writing R and S forms o Conventions for writing E and Z forms

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Thermochemistry,

71

Thermodynamics Thermodynamic system – state function Zeroth Law – concept of temperature First Law: ΔE = Q – W (conservation of energy) Second Law – concept of entropy

o Entropy as a measure of “disorder” o Relative entropy for gas, liquid, and crystal states

Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity, specific heat Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation Endothermic/exothermic reactions

o Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of reaction and formation o Hess’ Law of Heat Summation

Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation Free energy: G Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° Coefficient of expansion Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

72

CHM 124 & 124L. General Chemistry & General Chemistry Laboratory

Electrochemistry o Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

Equilibrium Concept of force, units Analysis of forces acting on an object Newton’s First Law of Motion, inertia Torques, lever arms

Electrochemistry Electrolytic cell

o Electrolysis o Anode, cathode o Electrolyte o Faraday’s Law relating amount of elements deposited (or gas

liberated) at an electrode to o current o Electron flow, oxidation, and reduction at the electrodes

Galvanic or Voltaic cells o Half-reactions o Reduction potentials, cell potential o Direction of electron flow

Concentration cell Batteries

o Electromotive force, Voltage o Lead-storage batteries o Nickel-cadmium batteries

Acid/Base Equilibria Bronsted-Lowry definition of acid, base Ionization of water

o Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+][OH–] = 10-14 at 25°C, 1 atm) o Definition of pH: pH of pure water

Conjugate acids and bases (e.g., NH4+ and NH3) Strong acids and bases (e.g., nitric, sulfuric) Weak acids and bases (e.g., acetic, benzoic)

o Dissociation of weak acids and bases with or without added salt o Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases o Calculation of pH of solutions of salts of weak acids or bases

Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb Buffers

o Definition and concepts (common buffer systems) o Influence on titration curves

Solubility Units of concentration (e.g., molarity) Solubility product constant; the equilibrium expression Ksp Common-ion effect, its use in laboratory separations

o Complex ion formation o Complex ions and solubility o Solubility and pH

Titration

73

Indicators Neutralization Interpretation of the titration curves Redox titration

Liquid Phase - Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen bonding Dipole Interactions Van der Waals’ Forces (London dispersion forces)

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic system – state function Zeroth Law – concept of temperature First Law: ΔE = Q – W (conservation of energy) Second Law – concept of entropy


Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity, specific heat Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation Endothermic/exothermic reactions

o Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of reaction and formation o Hess’ Law of Heat Summation

Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation Free energy: G Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° Coefficient of expansion Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

Rate Processes in Chemical Reactions - Kinetics and Equilibrium Reaction rate Dependence of reaction rate upon concentration of reactants

o Rate law, rate constant o Reaction order

Rate-determining step Dependence of reaction rate upon temperature

o Activation energy Activated complex or transition state Interpretation of energy profiles showing energies of

reactants, products, activation energy, and ΔH for the reaction

o Use of the Arrhenius Equation Kinetic control versus thermodynamic control of a reaction Catalysts Equilibrium in reversible chemical reactions

o Law of Mass Action o Equilibrium Constant o Application of Le Châtelier’s Principle

Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

74

CHM 313 & 313L. Organic Chemistry & Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Molecular Structure and Absorption Spectra Infrared region

o Intramolecular vibrations and rotations o Recognizing common characteristic group absorptions,

fingerprint region Visible region

o Absorption in visible region gives complementary color (e.g., carotene)

o Effect of structural changes on absorption (e.g., indicators) Ultraviolet region

o π-electron and non-bonding electron transitions o Conjugated systems

NMR spectroscopy o Protons in a magnetic field; equivalent protons o Spin-spin splitting



Partial ionic character o Role of electronegativity in determining charge distribution o Dipole Moment

σ and π bonds o Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective geometries o Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the prediction of

shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2) o Structural formulas for molecules involving H, C, N, O, F, S, P, Si,

Cl o Delocalized electrons and resonance in ions and molecules

Multiple bonding o Effect on bond length and bond energies o Rigidity in molecular structure


Structural isomers Stereoisomers (e.g., diastereomers, enantiomers,

cis/trans isomers) Conformational isomers


Conventions for writing R and S forms o Conventions for writing E and Z forms

Separations and Purifications Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solvents Distillation Chromatography

o Basic principles involved in separation process

75

Column chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography High pressure liquid chromatography

o Paper chromatography o Thin-layer chromatography

Separation and purification of peptides and proteins o Electrophoresis o Quantitative analysis o Chromatography


o Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers

Alcohols Description

o Nomenclature o Physical properties (acidity, hydrogen bonding)

Important reactions o Oxidation o Protection of alcohol o Preparation of mesylates and tosylates

76

CHM 314 & 314L. Organic Chemistry & Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Amino Acids Description

o Absolute configuration at the position o Amino acids as dipolar ions o Classifications

Acidic or basic Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function Description Nucleotides and nucleosides

o Sugar phosphate backbone o Pyrimidine, purine residues

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): double helix, Watson–Crick model of DNA structure

Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C Function in transmission of genetic information

o DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization

Carbohydrates Description

o Nomenclature and classification, common names o Absolute configuration o Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses o Epimers and anomers

Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition


Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double helix Chemistry Other functions

Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins Amino acids: description

o Absolute configuration at the α position o Dipolar ions o Classification

Acidic or basic Hydrophilic or hydrophobic

o Synthesis of α-amino acids Strecker Synthesis

77

Gabriel Synthesis Peptides and proteins: reactions

o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cystine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis

General Principles o 1° structure of proteins o 2° structure of proteins o 3° structure of proteins o o Isoelectric point



Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage Keto-enol tautomerism of monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Aldehydes and Ketones Description

o Nomenclature o Physical properties

Important reactions o Nucleophilic addition reactions at C=O bond

Acetal, hemiacetal Imine, enamine Hydride reagents Cyanohydrin

o Oxidation of aldehydes o Reactions at adjacent positions: enolate chemistry

Keto-enol tautomerism (α-racemization) Aldol condensation, retro-aldol Kinetic versus thermodynamic enolate

General principles o Effect of substituents on reactivity of C=O; steric hindrance

o Acidity of α-H; carbanions

Carboxylic Acids Description


Important reactions o Carboxyl group reactions

Amides (and lactam), esters (and lactone), anhydride formation

Reduction Decarboxylation

Reactions at 2-position, substitution

78

Acid Derivatives (Anhydrides, Amides, Esters) Description


Important reactions o Nucleophilic substitution o Transesterification o Hydrolysis of amides

General principles o Relative reactivity of acid derivatives o Steric effects o Electronic effects

Strain (e.g., β-lactams) Phenols

Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones), ubiquinones: biological 2e- redox centers

Polycyclic and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds Biological aromatic heterocycles

Phosphorus Compounds Description, structure of phosphoric acids

79

CHM 420. Biochemistry




Reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis (mentioned without detail)

Protein Structure Structure

o 1° structure of proteins o 2° structure of proteins o 3° structure of proteins; role of proline, cystine, hydrophobic

bonding o 4° structure of proteins

Conformational stability o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)

Separation techniques o Isoelectric point o Electrophoresis

Non-Enzymatic Protein Function Binding Immune system Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions Reduction of activation energy Substrates and enzyme specificity Active Site Model Induced-fit Model Mechanism of catalysis

o Cofactors o Coenzymes o Water-soluble vitamins

Control of Enzyme Activity Kinetics

o General (catalysis) o Michaelis-Menten o Cooperativity

Feedback regulation Inhibition – types

o Competitive o Non-competitive o Mixed

80

o Uncompetitive Regulatory enzymes

o Allosteric enzymes o Covalently-modified enzymes




Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C

Principles of Bioenergetics Bioenergetics/thermodynamics

o Free energy/Keq Equilibrium constant Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

o Concentration o Endothermic/exothermic reactions o Free energy: G o Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

Biological oxidation-reduction o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins



Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glycolysis (aerobic), substrates and products Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) Gluconeogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Principles of Metabolic Regulation Regulation of metabolic pathways

o Maintenance of a dynamic steady state Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Metabolism of glycogen

Citric Acid Cycle

81

Acetyl-CoA production Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products Regulation of the cycle Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Metabolism of Fatty Acids Description of fatty acids Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats Oxidation of fatty acids

o Saturated fats o Unsaturated fats

Ketone bodies Anabolism of fats Non-template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and polysaccharides Metabolism of proteins

Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, substrates and

products, general features of the pathway Electron transfer in mitochondria

o NADH, NADPH o Flavoproteins o Cytochromes

ATP synthase o Proton motive force

Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Plasma Membrane General function in cell containment Composition of membranes

o Lipid components Phospholipids (and phosphatids) Steroids Waxes

o Protein components o Fluid mosaic model

Membrane dynamics Solute transport across membranes

o Thermodynamic considerations o Osmosis

Colligative properties o Passive transport o Active transport

Sodium/potassium pump Membrane channels Membrane potential Membrane receptors


Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound nucleus, presence of organelles,

82

Nucleus Mitochondria

o Site of ATP production o Inner and outer membrane structure

Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes Endoplasmic reticulum

o Rough and smooth components o Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes

Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

Biosignalling Gated ion channels

o Voltage gated o Ligand gated

Receptor enzymes G protein-coupled receptors

Lipids Types

o Storage Triacyl glycerols Free fatty acids: saponification

o Structural Phospholipids and phosphatids Sphingolipids Waxes

o Signals/cofactors Fat-soluble vitamins Steroids Prostaglandins

83

CHM 451. General Biochemistry I




Reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis




Conformational stability o Denaturing and folding o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)



Enzyme Structure and Function Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions Enzyme classification by reaction type Reduction of activation energy Substrates and enzyme specificity Active Site Model Induced-fit Model Mechanism of catalysis


Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity




84

o Competitive o Non-competitive o Mixed o Uncompetitive

Regulatory enzymes o Allosteric enzymes o Covalently-modified enzymes

Zymogen




Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C Function in transmission of genetic information DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization

Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Principles of Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics/thermodynamics o Free energy/Keq

Equilibrium constant Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

o Concentration Le Châtelier’s Principle

o Endothermic/exothermic reactions o Free energy: G o Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

Biological oxidation-reduction o Half-reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins



Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glycolysis (aerobic), substrates and products

85

o Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) Gluconeogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Principles of Metabolic Regulation Regulation of metabolic pathways

o Maintenance of a dynamic steady state Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Metabolism of glycogen Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

o Allosteric and hormonal control Analysis of metabolic control

Plasma Membrane General function in cell containment Composition of membranes

o Lipid components Phospholipids (and phosphatids) Steroids Waxes

o Protein components o Fluid mosaic model

Membrane dynamics Solute transport across membranes

o Thermodynamic considerations o Osmosis

Colligative properties, osmotic pressure o Passive transport o Active transport

Sodium/potassium pump Membrane channels Membrane potential Membrane receptors Exocytosis and endocytosis Intercellular junctions

o Gap junctions o Tight junctions o Desmosomes


Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound nucleus, presence of organelles,

mitotic division Nucleus

o Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information o Nucleolus: location and function o Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

Mitochondria

86

o Site of ATP production o Inner and outer membrane structure o Self-replication

Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes Endoplasmic reticulum

o Rough and smooth components o Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes o Double membrane structure o Role in membrane biosynthesis o Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins

Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

Electrochemistry Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

Biosignalling Gated ion channels

o Voltage gated o Ligand gated

Receptor enzymes G protein-coupled receptors

Lipids Description; structure

o Steroids Terpenes and terpenoids



o Electrolysis o Anode, cathode o Electrolyte o Faraday’s Law relating amount of elements deposited (or gas

liberated) at an electrode to o current o Electron flow, oxidation, and reduction at the electrodes

Galvanic or Voltaic cells o Half-reactions o Reduction potentials, cell potential o Direction of electron flow


o Electromotive force, Voltage o Lead-storage batteries

Nickel-cadmium batteries Acid/Base Equilibria

87

Bronsted-Lowry definition of acid, base Ionization of water

o Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+][OH–] = 10-14 at 25°C, 1 atm) o Definition of pH: pH of pure water

Conjugate acids and bases (e.g., NH4+ and NH3) Strong acids and bases (e.g., nitric, sulfuric) Weak acids and bases (e.g., acetic, benzoic)

o Dissociation of weak acids and bases with or without added salt o Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases o Calculation of pH of solutions of salts of weak acids or bases

Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb Buffers




o Basic principles involved in separation process Column chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography High pressure liquid chromatography




Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition o Sugar phosphate backbone o Pyrimidine, purine residues




88


o Synthesis of α-amino acids Strecker Synthesis Gabriel Synthesis

Peptides and proteins: reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cystine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis


The Three-Dimensional Protein Structure Conformational stability

o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)

4° quaternary structure Denaturing and Folding

Non-Enzymatic Protein Function Binding Immune system Motor

Lipids Types







Enzymes Classification by reaction type

89

Mechanism o Substrates and enzyme specificity o Active site model o Induced-fit model o Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins

Kinetics o General (catalysis) o Michaelis-Menten o Cooperativity o Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

Inhibition Regulatory enzymes

o Allosteric o Covalently modified


o Free energy/Keq o Concentration

P o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

Biological oxidation–reduction o Half-reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins

90

CHM 452. General Biochemistry II




Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity




o Competitive o Non-competitive o Mixed o Uncompetitive

Regulatory enzymes o Allosteric enzymes o Covalently-modified enzymes

Zymogen




Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C Function in transmission of genetic information DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization

DNA Replication Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific coupling of

free nucleic acids Semi-conservative nature of replication Specific enzymes involved in replication Origins of replication, multiple origins in eukaryotes Replicating the ends of DNA molecules

91

Repair of DNA Repair during replication Repair of mutations

Genetic Code Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein The triplet code Codon-anticodon relationship Degenerate code, wobble pairing Missense, nonsense codons Initiation, termination codons Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription Transfer RNA (tRNA); ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Mechanism of transcription mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons Ribozymes, spliceosomes, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs),

small nuclear RNA (snRNAs)

Translation Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Role and structure of ribosomes Initiation, termination co-factors Post-translational modification of proteins

Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization Chromosomal proteins Single copy vs. repetitive DNA Supercoiling Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin Telomeres, centromeres

Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Principles of Metabolic Regulation

Regulation of metabolic pathways o Maintenance of a dynamic steady state

Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Metabolism of glycogen Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

o Allosteric and hormonal control Analysis of metabolic control

Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl-CoA production Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products Regulation of the cycle Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins Description of fatty acids Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats

92

Oxidation of fatty acids o Saturated fats o Unsaturated fats

Ketone bodies Anabolism of fats Non-template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and polysaccharides Metabolism of proteins

Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, substrates and

products, general features of the pathway Electron transfer in mitochondria

o NADH, NADPH o Flavoproteins o Cytochromes

ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling o Proton motive force

Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism Higher level integration of hormone structure and function Tissue specific metabolism Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism Obesity and regulation of body mass

Lipids Description; structure

o Steroids Terpenes and terpenoids




Lipids Types




93

Phenols Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones), ubiquinones: biological

2e- redox centers

Enzymes Classification by reaction type Mechanism

o Substrates and enzyme specificity o Active site model o Induced-fit model o Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins




94

CHM 462L. Biochemistry Laboratory




Conformational stability o Denaturing and folding o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)




Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity Genetic Code

Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein The triplet code Codon-anticodon relationship Degenerate code, wobble pairing Missense, nonsense codons Initiation, termination codons Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Gene cloning Restriction enzymes DNA libraries Generation of cDNA Hybridization Expressing cloned genes Polymerase Chain Reaction Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting DNA sequencing Analyzing gene expression Determining gene function Stem cells Practical applications of DNA technology: medical applications, human

95

gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleanup, agriculture

Safety and ethics of DNA technology


o Basic principles involved in separation process Column chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography High pressure liquid chromatography




Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers





o Allosteric Covalently modified

96

PHYSICS PHY 201. General Physics

Translational Motion Units and dimensions Vectors, components Vector addition Speed, velocity (average and instantaneous) Acceleration






Fluids Density, specific gravity Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle Hydrostatic pressure

o Pascal’s Law o Hydrostatic pressure; P = ρgh (pressure versus depth)

Viscosity: Poiseuille Flow Continuity equation (A∙v = constant) Concept of turbulence at high velocities Surface tension Bernoulli’s equation Venturi effect, pitot tube

97

PHY 202. General Physics

Electrostatics Charge, conductors, charge conservation Insulators Electric field E

o Field lines o Field due to charge distribution

Potential difference, absolute potential at point in space Circuit Elements

Current I = ΔQ/Δt, sign conventions, units Electromotive force, voltage Resistance

o Ohm’s Law: I = V/R o Resistors in series o Resistors in parallel o Resistivity: ρ = R•A/L

Capacitance o Parallel plate capacitor o Energy of charged capacitor o Capacitors in series o Capacitors in parallel o Dielectrics

Conductivity o Metallic o Electrolytic

Meters

Sound Production of sound Relative speed of sound in solids, liquids, and gases Intensity of sound, decibel units, log scale Attenuation (Damping) Doppler Effect: moving sound source or observer, reflection of sound

from a moving object Pitch Resonance in pipes and strings Ultrasound Shock waves


o Velocity equals constant c, in vacuo o Electromagnetic radiation consists of perpendicularly

oscillating electric and magnetic o fields; direction of propagation is perpendicular to both

Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E = (hf)

98

Visual spectrum, color

Geometrical Optics Reflection from plane surface: angle of incidence equals angle of

reflection Refraction, refractive index n, Snell’s law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 Dispersion, change of index of refraction with wavelength Conditions for total internal reflection Spherical mirrors

o Center of curvature o Focal length o Real and virtual images

Thin lenses o Converging and diverging lenses o Use of formula 1/p + 1/q = 1/f, with sign conventions o Lens strength, diopters

Combination of lenses Lens aberration Optical Instruments, including the human eye

Electronic Structure Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum number n,

number of electrons per orbital Ground state, excited states Absorption and emission line spectra Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle Conventional notation for electronic structure Bohr atom Effective nuclear charge Photoelectric effect

99

PSYCHOLOGY PSY 101. Introductory Psychology

Sensory Processing Sensation

o Thresholds o Weber’s Law o Signal detection theory o Sensory adaptation

Sensory receptors o Sensory pathways o Types of sensory receptors

Vision Structure and function of the eye Visual processing

o Visual pathways in the brain o Parallel processing o Feature detection


o Auditory pathways in the brain Sensory reception by hair cells

Other Senses Somatosensation

o Pain perception Taste

o Taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals


chemicals o Pheromones o Olfactory pathways in the brain

Kinesthetic sense Vestibular sense

Perception Perception

o Bottom-up/Top-down processing o Perceptual organization (e.g., depth, form, motion,

constancy) o Gestalt principles

Attention Selective attention Divided attention

Cognition Information-processing model Cognitive development

o Piaget’s stages of cognitive development o Cognitive changes in late adulthood o Role of culture in cognitive development

100

o Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive development

Biological factors that affect cognition Problem solving and decision making

o Types of problem solving o Barriers to effective problem solving o Approaches to problem solving o Heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotion

Overconfidence and belief perseverance Intellectual functioning

o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability

Consciousness States of consciousness

o Alertness o Sleep

Stages of sleep Sleep cycles and changes to sleep cycles Sleep and circadian rhythms Dreaming Sleep disorders

o Hypnosis and meditation Consciousness altering drugs

o Types of consciousness altering drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behavior

o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain Memory

Encoding o Process of encoding information o Processes that aid in encoding memories

Storage o Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working, long-

term) o Semantic networks and spreading activation

Retrieval o Recall, recognition, and relearning o Retrieval cues o The role of emotion in retrieving memories

Forgetting o Aging and memory o Memory dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease,

Korsakoff’s syndrome) o Decay o Interference o Memory construction and source monitoring

Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning o Neural plasticity

101

o Memory and learning o Long-term potentiation

Language Theories of language development (e.g., learning, Nativist,

Interactionist) Influence of language on cognition

o Different brain areas control language and speech Emotion

Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological, behavioral)

Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness)

Adaptive role of emotion Theories of emotion

o James-Lange theory o Cannon-Bard theory o Schachter-Singer theory

The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion o Generation and experience of emotions involve many

brain regions o The role of the limbic system in emotion o Emotional experiences can be stored as memories that

can be recalled by similar o circumstances o Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional experience,

and is also important in o temperament and decision making o Emotion and the autonomic nervous system o Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of

emotion) Stress

The nature of stress o Appraisal o Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events,

personal, etc.) o Effects of stress on psychological functions

Stress outcomes/response to stressors o Physiological o Emotional o Behavioral o Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques,

spirituality, etc.)



o Neurotransmitters o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system

102




Neurons communicate and influence behavior Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior The endocrine system

o Components of the endocrine system o Effects of the endocrine system on behavior

Behavioral genetics o Genes, temperament, and heredity o Adaptive value of traits and behaviors o Interaction between heredity and environmental

influences Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the

development of behaviors o Experience and behavior o Regulatory genes and behavior o Genetically based behavioral variation in natural

populations Human physiological development

o Prenatal development o Motor development o Developmental changes in adolescence

Personality Theories of personality

o Psychoanalytic perspective o Humanistic perspective o Trait perspective o Social cognitive perspective o Biological perspective o Behaviorist perspective o Situational approach to explaining behavior

Psychological Disorders Understanding psychological disorders

o Biomedical vs. biopsychosocial approaches o Classifying psychological disorders o Rates of psychological disorders

Types of psychological disorders o Anxiety disorders o Somatoform disorders o Mood disorders

103

o Schizophrenia o Dissociative disorder o Personality disorders

Biological bases of nervous system disorders o Schizophrenia o Depression o Alzheimer’s disease o Parkinson’s disease o Stem cell-based therapy to regenerate neurons in CNS

Motivation Factors that influence motivation

o Instinct o Arousal o Drives

Negative feedback systems o Needs

Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior o Drive reduction theory o Incentive theory o Other: cognitive and need based theories

Application of theories of motivation to understand behaviors (e.g., eating, sexual, drug and alcohol use, etc.)

o Biological factors in regulation of these motivational processes

o Socio-cultural factors in regulation of these motivational processes

Attitudes Components of attitudes (i.e., cognitive, affective, and

behavioral) The link between attitudes and behavior

o Processes by which behavior influences attitudes (e.g., foot-in-the door phenomenon,

o role-playing effects) o Processes by which attitudes influence behavior o Cognitive dissonance theory

How the Presence of Others Affects Individual Behavior Social facilitation Deindividuation Bystander effect Social loafing Peer pressure

Group Processes Group polarization Groupthink

Socialization Definition of socialization Norms

104

Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass media, peers, workplace)

Stigma and deviance Conformity and obedience

Habituation and Dishabituation Associative Learning

Classical conditioning o Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli o Conditioned and unconditioned response o Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous

recovery, generalization, discrimination Operant conditioning

o Processes of shaping and extinction o Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary,

conditional o Reinforcement schedules: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio,

fixed-interval, variable-interval o Punishment o Escape and avoidance learning

Cognitive processes that affect associative learning Biological factors that affect associative learning

o Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed o Learned behaviors are modified based on experiences o Development of learned behaviors

Observational Learning Modeling Biological processes that affect observational learning

o Mirror neurons o Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions

Applications of observational learning to explain individual behavior

Theories of Attitude and Behavior Change Elaboration Likelihood Model

o Information processing routes to persuasion (e.g., central and peripheral route processing)

Social Cognitive theory Factors that affect attitude change (e.g., changing behavior,

characteristics of the message and target, social factors)

Self-Concept and Identity Definitions of self-concept, identity, and social identity The role of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control in self-

concept and self-identity Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, age,

sexual orientation, class) Formation of Identity

Stages of identity development o Theories of developmental stages (e.g., Erikson,

Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud)

105

Influence of social factors on identity formation o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-taking) o Influence of group (e.g., reference group)

Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations

Attribution theory o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions

How self-perceptions shape our perceptions of others How perceptions of the environment shape our perceptions of

others Prejudice and Bias

Definition of prejudice Processes that contribute to prejudice

o Power, prestige, and class o The role of emotion in prejudice o The role of cognition in prejudice

Stereotypes Ethnocentrism

o In-group and out-group o Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

Processes Related to Stereotypes Self-fulfilling prophecy Stereotype threat

Elements of Social Interaction Statuses Roles Groups Networks Organizations

Self-presentation and Interacting with Others Expressing and detecting emotion

o Gender shapes expression o Culture shapes expression

Impression management o Front stage vs. back stage self (Dramaturgical

approach) Verbal and nonverbal communication Animal signals and communication

Social Behavior Attraction Aggression Attachment Social support Biological explanations of social behavior in animals

o Foraging behavior o Mating behavior and mate choice o Applying game theory

106

o Altruism o Inclusive fitness

Discrimination Individual vs. institutional discrimination The relationship between prejudice and discrimination How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination

107

PSY 321. Cognitive Processes






o Piaget’s stages of cognitive development o Cognitive changes in late adulthood o Role of culture in cognitive development o Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive

development Biological factors that affect cognition Problem solving and decision making



o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability o


o Alertness o Sleep




o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain Memory

Encoding o Process of encoding information o Processes that aid in encoding memories

Storage

108

o Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working, long-term)

o Semantic networks and spreading activation Retrieval

o Recall, recognition, and relearning o Retrieval cues o The role of emotion in retrieving memories


Korsakoff’s syndrome) o Decay o Interference o Memory construction and source monitoring

Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning o Neural plasticity o Memory and learning o Long-term potentiation



o Different brain areas control language and speech

Biological Bases of Behavior

The nervous system o Neurons

The reflex arc o Neurotransmitters o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system






Behavioral genetics o Genes, temperament, and heredity

109

o Adaptive value of traits and behaviors o Interaction between heredity and environmental





110

PSY 322. Learning Attention Selective attention Divided attention
















recovery, generalization, discrimination

111

Operant conditioning o Processes of shaping and extinction o Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary,






o Mirror neurons o Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions


112

PSY 323. Psychology of Perception

Sensory Processing Sensation

o Thresholds o Weber’s Law o Signal detection theory o Sensory adaptation



















113











114

PSY 341. Social Psychology







Culture Assimilation Multiculturalism Subcultures

Socialization Definition of socialization Norms Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass media, peers,

workplace) Stigma and deviance Conformity and obedience





Self Concept and Identity Definitions of self-concept, identity, and social identity The role of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control in self-




Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud) Influence of social factors on identity formation

o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-taking)

115

o Influence of group (e.g., reference group) Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations Attribution theory

o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions


others Prejudice and Bias

Definition of prejudice Processes that contribute to prejudice




Processes Related to Stereotypes Self-fulfilling prophecy Stereotype threat

Elements of Social Interaction Statuses Roles Groups Networks Organizations


o Gender shapes expression o Culture shapes expression


approach) Verbal and nonverbal communication Animal signals and communication


o Foraging behavior o Mating behavior and mate choice o Applying game theory o Altruism o Inclusive fitness

116

PSY 351. Child Psychology


o Piaget’s stages of cognitive development o Cognitive changes in late adulthood o Role of culture in cognitive development o Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive




o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability



o Different brain areas control language and speech

Stress The nature of stress

o Appraisal o Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events,



spirituality, etc.)





117



















o Mirror neurons

118

o Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions Applications of observational learning to explain individual

behavior





Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud) Influence of social factors on identity formation

o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-taking) o Influence of group (e.g., reference group)

Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

119

PSY 361. Personality Personality Theories of personality

o Psychoanalytic perspective o Humanistic perspective o Trait perspective o Social cognitive perspective o Biological perspective o Behaviorist perspective o Situational approach to explaining behavior



sexual orientation, class)

Formation of Identity Stages of identity development

o Theories of developmental stages (e.g., Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud)



120

PSY 366. Health Psychology

Emotion Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological,

behavioral) Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy,

disgust, sadness) Adaptive role of emotion Theories of emotion


The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion o Generation and experience of emotions involve many

brain regions o The role of the limbic system in emotion o Emotional experiences can be stored as memories that

can be recalled by similar o circumstances o Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional experience,

and is also important in o temperament and decision making o Emotion and the autonomic nervous system o Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of

emotion)





spirituality, etc.) Biological Bases of Behavior

The nervous system o Neurons



cerebral cortex

121

Information processing in the cerebral cortex

Lateralization of cortical functions Methods of studying the brain










Types of psychological disorders o Anxiety disorders o Somatoform disorders o Mood disorders o Schizophrenia o Dissociative disorder o Personality disorders





122

Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior o Drive reduction theory o Incentive theory o Other: cognitive and need based theories









Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations Attribution theory

o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions


others

Health Disparities Race, gender, and class inequalities in health

Healthcare Disparities Race, gender, and class inequalities in healthcare

123

PSY 368. Community Psychology

Culture Symbolic culture

o Language and symbols o Values and beliefs o Norms and rituals

124

PSY 422. Physiological Psychology












o Alertness o Sleep




o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain




Stress outcomes/response to stressors o Physiological o Emotional o Behavioral

125

o Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques, spirituality, etc.)
















Types of psychological disorders o Anxiety disorders o Somatoform disorders o Mood disorders

126

o Schizophrenia o Dissociative disorder o Personality disorders


127

PSY 443. Psychology of Women

Culture Symbolic culture


Evolution and human culture

128

SOCIOLOGY and ANTHROPOLOGY SOC 101. Principles of Sociology

Culture o Assimilation o Multiculturalism o Subcultures

Socialization o Definition of socialization o Norms o Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass

media, peers, workplace) o Stigma and deviance

Formation of Identity o Influence of culture and socialization on

identity formation Prejudice and Bias

o Definition of prejudice o Stereotypes o Ethnocentrism

In-group and out-group Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

Elements of Social Interaction o Statuses o Roles o Groups o Networks o Organizations

Discrimination o Individual vs. institutional discrimination o The relationship between prejudice and

discrimination o How power, prestige, and class facilitate

discrimination Theoretical Approaches

o Functionalism o Conflict theory o Symbolic interactionism o Social constructionism

Social Institutions o Education o Family o Religion o Government and economy o Health and medicine

Culture o Material culture o Symbolic culture

Values and beliefs

129

Norms and rituals o Culture and social groups

Demographic Structure of Society o Age o Gender o Race and ethnicity

Demographic Shifts and Social Change o Demographic transition o Fertility, migration, and mortality o Globalization

Spatial Inequality o Global inequalities

Social Class o Aspects of social stratification

Class, status, and power Cultural capital and social capital Social reproduction Privilege and prestige Intersections with race, gender and age

o Patterns of social mobility Intergenerational and intragenerational

mobility Downward and upward mobility Meritocracy

o Poverty Relative and absolute

Social exclusion (segregation and isolation)

130

SOC 303. Modern Social Theory

Theoretical Approaches o Functionalism o Conflict theory o Symbolic interactionism o Social constructionism

SOC 322. Sex Roles and Society Self-presentation and Interacting with Others o Gender shapes expression

Demographic Structure of Society o Sexual orientation

SOC 325. Deviant Behavior Socialization o Stigma and deviance o Conformity and obedience

SOC 328. Racial and Ethnic Relations

Prejudice and Bias o Processes that contribute to prejudice

Power, prestige, and class Demographic Structure of Society

o Race and ethnicity

SOC 330. Perspectives on Aging

Demographic Structure of Society o Age

SOC 331. Marriage & the Family

Social Institutions o Family

SOC 332. Sociology of Women Self-presentation and Interacting with Others o Gender shapes expression

Demographic Structure of Society o Gender

SOC 333. Sociology of Sexualities

Demographic Structure of Society o Sexual orientation

SOC 334. Religion and Society Social Institutions o Religion

SOC 337. Political Sociology Social Institutions o Government and economy

131

SOC 339. Social Inequality Prejudice and Bias o Processes that contribute to prejudice

Power, prestige, and class Discrimination

o Individual vs. institutional discrimination o The relationship between prejudice and

discrimination o How power, prestige, and class facilitate

discrimination Social Class

o Aspects of social stratification Class, status, and power Cultural capital and social capital Social reproduction Privilege and prestige Intersections with race, gender and age

o Patterns of social mobility Intergenerational and intragenerational

mobility Downward and upward mobility Meritocracy

o Poverty Relative and absolute Social exclusion (segregation and

isolation)

132

SOC 340. Social Psychology in Society

How the Presence of Others Affects Individual Behavior o Social facilitation o Deindividuation o Bystander effect o Social loafing o Peer pressure

Group Processes o Group polarization o Groupthink

Socialization o Conformity and obedience

Self-Concept and Identity o Definitions of self-concept, identity, and social

identity Formation of Identity

o Stages of identity development Theories of developmental stages (e.g.,

Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud) o Influence of social factors on identity formation

Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-taking)

Influence of group (e.g., reference group)

o Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

Elements of Social Interaction o Statuses o Roles o Groups o Networks o Organizations

Self-presentation and Interacting with Others o Expressing and detecting emotion

Gender shapes expression Culture shapes expression

o Impression management Front stage vs. back stage self

(Dramaturgical approach) o Verbal and nonverbal communication o Animal signals and communication

Culture o Symbolic culture

Language and symbols

133

SOC 341. Self & Society Self-Concept and Identity o Definitions of self-concept, identity, and social

identity o Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity,

gender, age, sexual orientation, class) Formation of Identity

o Influence of social factors on identity formation Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation,

role-taking) Influence of group (e.g., reference

group) Self-presentation and Interacting with Others

o Impression management Front stage vs. back stage self

(Dramaturgical approach)

SOC 342. Collective Behavior Demographic Shifts and Social Change o Social movements

SOC 351. Urban Sociology Demographic Shifts and Social Change o Urbanization

Spatial Inequality o Racial segregation(neighborhoods)

SOC 368. Immigration & Immigrants

Demographic Structure of Society o Immigration status

SOC 435. Economy & Society Demographic Shifts and Social Change o Globalization

Spatial Inequality o Global inequalities

SWK 335. Social Work & Environmental Justice

Spatial Inequality o Environmental justice (location and exposure

to health risks)

134

ANT 150. Cultural Anthropology

Culture o Assimilation o Multiculturalism o Subcultures

Prejudice and Bias o Ethnocentrism

In-group and out-group o Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

Self-presentation and Interacting with Others o Culture shapes expression

Culture o Material culture o Symbolic culture

Values and beliefs Norms and rituals

o Culture and social groups

ANT 300. Evolution of People & Culture

Culture o Evolution and human culture

ANT 315. Language & Culture Self-presentation and Interacting with Others o Verbal and nonverbal communication

Culture o Symbolic culture

Language and symbols

135

Topic List with Associated Courses This document lists the topics that will be found on the MCAT 2015 exam, arranged by content category, along with the University of Dayton course numbers for any course that covers material in that content category. Specifically, content from the following sections of the MCAT are listed:

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems – p. 136

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems – p. 156

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior – p. 167

Note that not every listed course covers every topic in a given content category. Every effort has been made to highlight what topics in a given content category are covered or not covered in each course. However, this document should be used in conjunction with the companion “Course Listing with Associated Topics” to fully discern what content may be found in a given course. The list in this document follows the order and organization found in the AAMC publications: Preview Guide for the MCAT 2015 Exam and The Official Guide to the MCAT (MCAT 2015) Exam. The fourth section of the MCAT is titled Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills. It includes passages and questions to test the student’s ability to comprehend. Passages are excerpted from authentic materials found in a variety of books, journals, and magazines, often from disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. This MCAT section is NOT included in this course mapping since it does not test knowledge typically covered in a specific course.

136

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Content Category 1A: Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids




○ Classifications

■ Acidic or basic


● Reactions



○ Hydrolysis

CHM 314, 420, 451 & BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440





hydrophobic bonding



○ Denaturing and folding (Not CHM 420)


○ Solvation layer (entropy) (Not BIO 151)


○ Isoelectric point (Not BIO 151)

○ Electrophoresis

CHM 420, 451, 462L & BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440, 442L, 462


● Immune system

● Motors

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 411L, 427,442 & CHM 420, 451, 452

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions (BIO 411)

● Enzyme classification by reaction type (Not BIO 151) (Not CHM

420)


BIO 151, 151L, BIO 411, 442L, 462 & CHM 420, 451, 452

137


● Active Site Model (Not BIO 151)



○ Cofactors (BIO 411)

○ Coenzymes (BIO 411)

○ Water-soluble vitamins (Not BIO 151)



○ General (catalysis) (BIO 411)

○ Michaelis-Menten(Not BIO 151)

○ Cooperativity

● Feedback regulation (BIO 411)


○ Competitive

○ Non-competitive

○ Mixed (Not BIO 151)

○ Uncompetitive(Not BIO 151)




○ Zymogen (Not CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 462 & CHM 420, 451, 452

Content Category 1B: Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein





● Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): double helix, Watson–Crick model

of DNA structure


● Function in transmission of genetic information (Not CHM 420)

● DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization (Not CHM 420)

CHM 314, 420, 451, 452 & BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440,

138






462, 470 & CHM 452



BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 411L, 440, 462 & CHM 452

Genetic Code ● Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein (BIO 411)






● Messenger RNA (mRNA) (BIO 411)

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 442, 462 & CHM 452, 462L







BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462 & CHM 452





BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462 & CHM 452



● Supercoiling


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462 & CHM 452

139





BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 411L, 462

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes ● Transcriptional regulation(BIO 411)



● Post-transcriptional control, basic concept of splicing (introns,

exons)

● Cancer as a failure of normal cellular controls, oncogenes, tumor

suppressor genes


● DNA methylation


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 442, 462

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning (BIO 411)

● Restriction enzymes (BIO 411)

● DNA libraries (BIO 411)


● Hybridization


● Polymerase Chain Reaction(BIO 411)


● DNA sequencing (BIO 411)

● Analyzing gene expression (BIO 411)

● Determining gene function (BIO 411)

● Stem cells

● Practical applications of DNA technology: medical applications,

human gene therapy,



BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 442, & CHM 462L

140

Content Category 1C: Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic diversity

Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, & CHM 451, 452


● Gene

● Locus



● Wild-type

● Recessiveness


● Co-dominance

● Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity (Not

BIO 151)


● Gene pool

BIO 151, 151L, 152, 152L, 301, 312, 312L, 442





○ Linkage

○ Recombination




■ Tetrad





● Mutation

○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA sequence


BIO 151, 151L, 152, 152L, 312, 312L, 442, 442L

141





● Genetic drift


diversity

Analytic Methods ● Hardy–Weinberg Principle (Not BIO 151)

● Test cross


● Biometry: statistical methods (Not BIO 151)

BIO 151, 151L, 152, 152L, 312, 312L


○ Fitness concept





○ generation

● Speciation

○ Polymorphism


○ Inbreeding

○ Outbreeding

○ Bottlenecks

● Evolutionary time as measured by gradual random changes in

genome

BIO 152, 152L, 312, 312L

Content Category 1D: Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism


○ Free energy/Keq


■ Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

○ Concentration

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 451

142

■ Le Châtelier’s Principle (Not BIO 151) (Not CHM

420)


○ Free energy: G






○ Half-reactions (Not CHM 420)


○ Flavoproteins

Carbohydrates ● Description

○ Nomenclature and classification, common names

○ Absolute configuration

○ Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses

○ Epimers and anomers

● Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage

● Monosaccharides

● Disaccharides

● Polysaccharides

BIO 151, 151L & CHM 314, 420, 451


○ Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism (Not CHM

420)


● Gluconeogenesis

● Pentose phosphate pathway (Not BIO 151)


BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 451




● Metabolism of glycogen (Not BIO 411)

● Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown (Not BIO 411)

(Not CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 451, 452

143

○ Allosteric and hormonal control (Not BIO 411) (Not CHM

420)

● Analysis of metabolic control(Not CHM 420)





BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 452


● Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats (Not BIO 151) (Not

BIO 411)


○ Saturated fats


● Ketone bodies (Not BIO 411)

● Anabolism of fats (Not BIO 411)

● Non-template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and

polysaccharides (Not BIO 151) (Not BIO 411)

● Metabolism of proteins (Not BIO 151) (Not CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 452

Oxidative Phosphorylation ● Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation,



○ NADH, NADPH

○ Flavoproteins

○ Cytochromes

● ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling (Not CHM 420)



● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation (Not CHM 420)

● Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress (Not BIO 411) (Not

CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 452




BIO 151, 151L, 403, 403L, & CHM 452

144


Content Category 2A: Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular organisms





■ Steroids

■ Waxes






○ Osmosis








● Exocytosis and endocytosis(Not BIO 411) (Not CHM 420)

● Intercellular junctions (Not BIO 411) (Not CHM 420)

○ Gap junctions

○ Tight junctions

○ Desmosomes

BIO 151, 151L, 403, 403L, 411, 411L, 440, 442 & CHM 420, 451




● Mitotic division (Not CHM 420)

● Nucleus (Not CHM 420)




BIO 151, 151L, 403, 403L, 440, 442 & CHM 420, 451

145

● Mitochondria



○ Self-replication (Not CHM 420)


enzymes




○ Double membrane structure (Not CHM 420)

○ Role in membrane biosynthesis (Not CHM 420)

○ Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins (Not CHM 420)


secretion (Not CHM 420)




contractility





BIO 151, 151L, 440, 442



BIO 151, 151L, 440, 442

Content Category 2B: The structure, growth, physiology, and genetics of prokaryotes and viruses



BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L, 440


○ Archaea

○ Bacteria


BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L

146










resistance




● Chemotaxis

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L




● Conjugation


BIO 151, 151L, 312L, 411, 411L







BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L


specific host cell


○ Attachment to host, penetration of cell membrane or cell

wall, and entry of viral genetic

○ material


components

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L

147




transcriptase, HIV


Content Category 2C: Processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization


interphase







● Growth arrest



BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440, 442

Biosignalling ● Oncogenes (Not BIO 151), apoptosis

BIO 151, 151L, 440, 442


● Ovum and sperm





development, birth

BIO 152, 152L, 442, 475, 475L


each)

○ Fertilization

○ Cleavage


○ Gastrulation

BIO 152, 152L, 442

148



mesoderm, ectoderm)

○ Neurulation


● Neural crest



○ Determination

○ Differentiation

○ Tissue types


● Cell migration




● Existence of regenerative capacity in various species

● Senescence and aging

BIO 152, 152L, 442

Content Category 3A: Structure and functions of the nervous and endocrine systems and ways in which these systems coordinate the organ systems

Nervous System: Structure and Function ● Major Functions

○ High level control and integration of body systems

○ Adaptive capability to external influences

● Organization of vertebrate nervous system

● Sensor and effector neurons

● Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:

antagonistic control

● Reflexes

○ Feedback loop, reflex arc

○ Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

● Integration with endocrine system: feedback control

BIO 152, 442, 442L, 475, 475L



BIO 403, 403L, 415, 442

149










● Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency of

firing


Electrochemistry ● Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

BIO 403, 403L & CHM 124, 451


○ Voltage gated

○ Ligand gated



BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440, 442 & CHM 420, 451


○ Steroids

○ Terpenes and terpenoids (Not BIO 151) (Not BIO 411)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 451, 452

Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources ● Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at cell,

tissue, and organ level





hormonal systems

BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L



BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442

150


● Integration with nervous system: feedback control regulation by

second messengers

Content Category 3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems













○ Henry’s Law

● pH control


○ CO2 sensitivity

BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Circulatory System ● Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and

fluids, removal of metabolic






● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)



● Capillary beds




BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

151




marrow





○ Oxygen content

○ Oxygen affinity


affinity




● Major functions



○ Production of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions

○ Return of materials to the blood

BIO 152, 152L 403, 403L, 475, 475L

Immune System ● Innate (non-specific) vs. adaptive (specific) immunity

● Adaptive immune system cells

○ T-lymphocytes

○ B-lymphocytes


○ Macrophages

○ Phagocytes


● Antigen presentation

● Clonal selection

● Antigen-antibody recognition


● Recognition of self vs. non-self, autoimmune diseases

● Major histocompatibility complex

BIO 427, 442, 442L

Digestive System BIO 403, 403L,

152

● Ingestion



● Stomach



destruction



● Liver


system



● Bile


○ Function

● Pancreas



● Small Intestine






● Large Intestine


○ Bacterial flora



● Muscular control

○ Peristalsis


○ Hormones

○ Target tissues


442, 442L, 475, 475L

Excretory System BIO 403, 403L,

153

● Roles in homeostasis

○ Blood pressure

○ Osmoregulation




○ Cortex

○ Medulla


○ Glomerulus


○ Proximal tubule

○ Loop of Henle

○ Distal tubule

○ Collecting duct

● Formation of urine

○ Glomerular filtration

○ Secretion and reabsorption of solutes

○ Concentration of urine

○ Counter-current multiplier mechanism


● Osmoregulation: capillary reabsorption of H2O, amino acids,

glucose, ions

● Muscular control: sphincter muscle

442, 442L, 475, 475L


○ Gonads

○ Genitalia






○ Integration with nervous control

BIO 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L




BIO 403, 403L, 475, 475L

154


● Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth, cardiac

● Muscle structure and control of contraction

○ T-tubule system

○ Contractile apparatus

○ Sarcoplasmic reticulum

○ Fiber type

○ Contractile velocity of different muscle types

● Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

● Oxygen debt: fatigue

● Nervous control

○ Motor neurons




Specialized Cell-Muscle Cell ● Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac

muscle







BIO 403, 403L, 440



○ Calcium storage





○ Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton

● Bone structure

○ Calcium/protein matrix

○ Cellular composition of bone



BIO 442, 442L, 475, 475L

155





● Functions in homeostasis and osmoregulation





○ Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface capillaries




● Hormonal control: sweating, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction

BIO 403, 403L, 442, 475, 475L

156

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Content Category 4A: Translational motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems

Translational Motion Units and dimensions Vectors, components Vector addition Speed, velocity (average and instantaneous) Acceleration

PHY 201 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.


PHY 201 & CHM 124, 420, 451 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.


PHY 201 & CHM 123 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.




PHY 201 & CHM 123 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.

Content Category 4B: Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange

Fluids Density, specific gravity Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle Hydrostatic pressure

o Pascal’s Law o Hydrostatic pressure; P = ρgh (pressure versus

depth) Viscosity: Poiseuille Flow Continuity equation (A∙v = constant) Concept of turbulence at high velocities Surface tension Bernoulli’s equation Venturi effect, pitot tube

PHY 201 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics..

Circulatory System BIO 403, 403L

157

Arterial and venous systems; pressure and flow characteristics

Gas Phase Absolute temperature, (K) Kelvin Scale Pressure, simple mercury barometer Molar volume at 0°C and 1 atm = 22.4 L/mol Ideal gas

o Definition o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT o Boyle’s Law: PV = constant o Charles’ Law: V/T = constant o Avogadro’s Law: V/n = constant

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases o Heat capacity at constant volume and at constant

pressure o Boltzmann’s Constant

Deviation of real gas behavior from Ideal Gas Law o Qualitative o Quantitative (Van der Waals’ Equation)

Partial pressure, mole fraction Dalton’s Law relating partial pressure to composition

CHM 123

Content Category 4C: Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements

Electrostatics Charge, conductors, charge conservation Insulators Electric field E

o Field lines o Field due to charge distribution

Potential difference, absolute potential at point in space

PHY 202

Circuit Elements Current I = ΔQ/Δt, sign conventions, units Electromotive force, voltage Resistance

o Ohm’s Law: I = V/R o Resistors in series o Resistors in parallel o Resistivity: ρ = R•A/L

Capacitance o Parallel plate capacitor o Energy of charged capacitor o Capacitors in series o Capacitors in parallel o Dielectrics

Conductivity o Metallic o Electrolytic

Meters

PHY 202

158


o Electrolysis o Anode, cathode o Electrolyte o Faraday’s Law relating amount of elements

deposited (or gas liberated) at an electrode to o current o Electron flow, oxidation, and reduction at the

electrodes Galvanic or Voltaic cells

o Half-reactions o Reduction potentials, cell potential o Direction of electron flow


o Electromotive force, Voltage o Lead-storage batteries o Nickel-cadmium batteries

CHM 124, 451

Specialized Cell - Nerve Cell Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon

BIO 415, 442

Content Category 4D: How light and sound interact with matter

Sound Production of sound Relative speed of sound in solids, liquids, and gases Intensity of sound, decibel units, log scale Attenuation (Damping) Doppler Effect: moving sound source or observer, reflection

of sound from a moving object Pitch Resonance in pipes and strings Ultrasound Shock waves

PHY 202


o Velocity equals constant c, in vacuo o Electromagnetic radiation consists of

perpendicularly oscillating electric and magnetic o fields; direction of propagation is perpendicular to

both Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E

PHY 202 & CHM 123

159

= (hf) Visual spectrum, color

Molecular Structure and Absorption Spectra Infrared region

o Intramolecular vibrations and rotations o Recognizing common characteristic group

absorptions, fingerprint region Visible region

o Absorption in visible region gives complementary color (e.g., carotene)

o Effect of structural changes on absorption (e.g., indicators)

Ultraviolet region o π-electron and non-bonding electron transitions o Conjugated systems

NMR spectroscopy o Protons in a magnetic field; equivalent protons o Spin-spin splitting

CHM 313

Geometrical Optics Reflection from plane surface: angle of incidence equals

angle of reflection Refraction, refractive index n, Snell’s law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 Dispersion, change of index of refraction with wavelength Conditions for total internal reflection Spherical mirrors

o Center of curvature o Focal length o Real and virtual images

Thin lenses o Converging and diverging lenses o Use of formula 1/p + 1/q = 1/f, with sign

conventions o Lens strength, diopters

Combination of lenses Lens aberration Optical Instruments, including the human eye

PHY 202 & BIO 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Content Category 4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior

Atomic Nucleus Atomic number, atomic weight Neutrons, protons, isotopes Nuclear forces, binding energy Radioactive decay

o α, β, γ decay o Half-life, exponential decay, semi-log plots

Mass spectrometer

CHM 123

Electronic Structure Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum

PHY 202 & CHM 123

160

number n, number of electrons per orbital Ground state, excited states Absorption and emission line spectra Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle Conventional notation for electronic structure Bohr atom Effective nuclear charge Photoelectric effect

PHY202 does not cover items in nuclear physics.

The Periodic Table - Classification of Elements into Groups by Electronic Structure

Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals: their chemical characteristics Halogens: their chemical characteristics Noble gases: their physical and chemical characteristics Transition metals Representative elements Metals and non-metals Oxygen group

CHM 123

The Periodic Table - Variations of Chemical Properties with Group and Row

Valence electrons First and second ionization energy

o Definition o Prediction from electronic structure for elements in

different groups or rows Electron affinity

o Definition o Variation with group and row

Electronegativity o Definition o Comparative values for some representative

elements and important groups Electron shells and the sizes of atoms Electron shells and the sizes of ions

CHM 123

Stoichiometry Molecular weight Empirical versus molecular formula Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry Description of composition by percent mass Mole concept, Avogadro’s number NA Definition of density Oxidation number

o Common oxidizing and reducing agents o Disproportionation reactions

Description of reactions by chemical equations o Conventions for writing chemical equations o Balancing equations, including redox equations o Limiting reactants

CHM 123, BIO 442L

161

o Theoretical yields

Content Category 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions

Acid/Base Equilibria Bronsted-Lowry definition of acid, base Ionization of water

o Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+][OH–] = 10-14 at 25°C, 1 atm)

o Definition of pH: pH of pure water Conjugate acids and bases (e.g., NH4

+ and NH3) Strong acids and bases (e.g., nitric, sulfuric) Weak acids and bases (e.g., acetic, benzoic)

o Dissociation of weak acids and bases with or without added salt

o Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases o Calculation of pH of solutions of salts of weak acids

or bases Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb Buffers


CHM 124, 451

Ions in Solutions Anion, cation: common names, formulas and charges for

familiar ions (e.g., NH4+ ammonium, PO43– phosphate, SO42–

sulfate) Hydration, the hydronium ion

CHM 123

Solubility Units of concentration (e.g., molarity) Solubility product constant; the equilibrium expression Ksp Common-ion effect, its use in laboratory separations

o Complex ion formation o Complex ions and solubility o Solubility and pH

CHM 124, BIO 442L


CHM 123, 124, 451

Content Category 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions



Partial ionic character o Role of electronegativity in determining charge

CHM 123, 313

162

distribution o Dipole Moment

σ and π bonds o Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective

geometries o Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the

prediction of shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2)

o Structural formulas for molecules involving H, C, N, O, F, S, P, Si, Cl

o Delocalized electrons and resonance in ions and molecules

Multiple bonding o Affect on bond length and bond energies o Rigidity in molecular structure


Structural isomers Stereoisomers (e.g., diastereomers,

enantiomers, cis/trans isomers) Conformational isomers


Conventions for writing R and S forms Conventions for writing E and Z forms

Liquid Phase - Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen bonding Dipole Interactions Van der Waals’ Forces (London dispersion forces)

CHM 124

Content Category 5C: Separation and purification methods Separations and Purifications

Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solvents

Distillation Chromatography

o Basic principles involved in separation process Column chromatography, gas-liquid

chromatography High pressure liquid chromatography


Separation and purification of peptides and proteins o Electrophoresis (BIO 442L) o Quantitative analysis o Chromatography


Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers

CHM 313, 451, 462L

163

Content Category 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules




BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L & CHM 314, 451, 452




o Synthesis of α-amino acids Strecker Synthesis Gabriel Synthesis

Peptides and proteins: reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cystine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis


CHM 314, 451

The Three-Dimensional Protein Structure Conformational stability

o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)

4° quaternary structure Denaturing and Folding

CHM 451

Non-Enzymatic Protein Function Binding Immune system Motor (BIO 442)

CHM 451

Lipids Types



o Signals/cofactors

CHM 420, 451, 452

164

Fat-soluble vitamins Steroids Prostaglandins




CHM 314, 451

Aldehydes and Ketones Description


Important reactions o Nucleophilic addition reactions at C=O bond

Acetal, hemiacetal Imine, enamine Hydride reagents Cyanohydrin

o Oxidation of aldehydes o Reactions at adjacent positions: enolate chemistry

Keto-enol tautomerism (α-racemization) Aldol condensation, retro-aldol Kinetic versus thermodynamic enolate

General principles o Effect of substituents on reactivity of C=O; steric

hindrance o o Acidity of α-H; carbanions

CHM 314

Alcohols Description

o Nomenclature o Physical properties (acidity, hydrogen bonding)

Important reactions o Oxidation o Protection of alcohol o Preparation of mesylates and tosylates

CHM 313

Carboxylic Acids Description


Important reactions o Carboxyl group reactions

Amides (and lactam), esters (and lactone), anhydride formation

Reduction

CHM 314

165

Decarboxylation Reactions at 2-position, substitution

Acid Derivatives (Anhydrides, Amides, Esters) Description


Important reactions o Nucleophilic substitution o Transesterification o Hydrolysis of amides

General principles o Relative reactivity of acid derivatives o Steric effects o Electronic effects o Strain (e.g., β-lactams)

CHM 314

Phenols Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones), ubiquinones:

biological 2e- redox centers

CHM 314, 452

Polycyclic and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds Biological aromatic heterocycles

CHM 314

Content Category 5E: Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics




Inhibition Regulatory enzymes (BIO 411)


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 403, 403L & CHM 451, 452, 462L


o Free energy/Keq o Concentration

o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

Biological oxidation–reduction o Half-reactions o Soluble electron carriers

CHM 451

166

o Flavoproteins

Phosphorus Compounds Description, structure of phosphoric acids

CHM 314

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic system – state function Zeroth Law – concept of temperature First Law: ΔE = Q – W (conservation of energy) Second Law – concept of entropy


Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity, specific heat

Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation Endothermic/exothermic reactions

o Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of reaction and formation

o Hess’ Law of Heat Summation Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation Free energy: G Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° Coefficient of expansion Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

CHM 123, 124

Rate Processes in Chemical Reactions - Kinetics and Equilibrium

Reaction rate Dependence of reaction rate upon concentration of

reactants o Rate law, rate constant o Reaction order

Rate-determining step Dependence of reaction rate upon temperature

o Activation energy Activated complex or transition state Interpretation of energy profiles showing

energies of reactants, products, activation energy, and ΔH for the reaction

o Use of the Arrhenius Equation Kinetic control versus thermodynamic control of a reaction Catalysts Equilibrium in reversible chemical reactions

o Law of Mass Action o Equilibrium Constant o Application of Le Châtelier’s Principle

Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

CHM 124

167

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Content Category 6A: Sensing the environment Sensory Processing

Sensation o Thresholds o Weber’s Law o Signal detection theory o Sensory adaptation


PSY101, 323 & BIO 415, 475



PSY 101, 323, 422 & BIO 415, 442, 442L, 475, 475L



PSY 101, 323, 422 & BIO 415, 475, 475L







PSY 101, 323, 422 & BIO 415, 442, 475, 475L




PSY 101, 321, 323

Content Category 6B: Making sense of the environment Attention

Selective attention Divided attention

PSY 101, 321, 322, 323

Cognition Information-processing model

PSY 101, 321, 351 & BIO 415

168

Cognitive development o Piaget’s stages of cognitive development o Cognitive changes in late adulthood o Role of culture in cognitive development o Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive




o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on

intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability


o Alertness o Sleep




o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain

PSY 101, 321, 422 & BIO 415

Memory Encoding

o Process of encoding information o Processes that aid in encoding memories

Storage o Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working,

long-term) o Semantic networks and spreading activation

Retrieval o Recall, recognition, and relearning o Retrieval cues o The role of emotion in retrieving memories


Korsakoff’s syndrome)

PSY 101, 321 & BIO 415

169

o Decay o Interference o Memory construction and source monitoring

Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning (BIO 403)

o Neural plasticity o Memory and learning o Long-term potentiation


Interactionist) Influence of language on cognition Different brain areas control language and speech

PSY 101, 321, 351 & BIO 415

Content Category 6C: Responding to the world Emotion

Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological, behavioral)

Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness)

Adaptive role of emotion Theories of emotion


The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion o Generation and experience of emotions involve

many brain regions o The role of the limbic system in emotion (BIO 403) o Emotional experiences can be stored as memories

that can be recalled by similar o circumstances o Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional

experience, and is also important in o temperament and decision making o Emotion and the autonomic nervous system (BIO

403) o Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of

emotion)

PSY 101, 366 & BIO 415




Stress outcomes/response to stressors o Physiological o Emotional o Behavioral

Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques,

PSY 101, 351, 366, 422 & BIO 415

170

spirituality, etc.)

Content Category 7A: Individual influences on behavior Biological Bases of Behavior

The nervous system (BIO , 442, 442L, 475, 475L) o Neurons


The brain o The brainstem o The cerebellum o The diencephalon o The cerebrum o Control of voluntary movement in

the cerebral cortex o Information processing in the

cerebral cortex o Lateralization of cortical functions o Methods of studying the brain

Neurons communicate and influence behavior Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior The endocrine system (BIO 475, 475L)







PSY 101, 321, 322, 323, 351, 366, 422 BIO 312, 415

Personality Theories of personality

o Psychoanalytic perspective o Humanistic perspective o Trait perspective o Social cognitive perspective o Biological perspective o Behaviorist perspective

Situational approach to explaining behavior

PSY 101, 366

171



Types of psychological disorders o Anxiety disorders o Somatoform disorders o Mood disorders o Schizophrenia o Dissociative disorder o Personality disorders

Biological bases of nervous system disorders (BIO 442) o Schizophrenia o Depression o Alzheimer’s disease o Parkinson’s disease o Stem cell-based therapy to regenerate neurons in

CNS

PSY 101, 366, 422




Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior

o Drive reduction theory o Incentive theory o Other: cognitive and need based theories




PSY 101, 366





PSY 101, 341, 366

172

Content Category 7B: Social processes that influence human behavior


PSY 101, 341, 366 & SOC 340


PSY 101, 341 & SOC 340

Culture Assimilation Multiculturalism Subcultures

PSY 341 & SOC 101

Socialization Definition of socialization Norms Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass media, peers,

workplace) Stigma and deviance Conformity and obedience

PSY 101, 341 SOC 101 SOC 101 SOC 101 SOC 101, 325 SOC 325, 340

Content Category 7C: Attitude and behavior change Habituation and Dishabituation

PSY 101, 322, 351

Associative Learning Classical conditioning

o Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli o Conditioned and unconditioned response o Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous






o Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed o Learned behaviors are modified based on

experiences o Development of learned behaviors

PSY 101, 322, 351 BIO 415

Observational Learning Modeling

PSY 101, 322, 351

173

Biological processes that affect observational learning o Mirror neurons o Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions






PSY PSY 101, 341

Content Category 8A: Self-identity Self-Concept and Identity

Definitions of self-concept, identity, and social identity The role of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control in

self-concept and self-identity Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender,

age, sexual orientation, class)

PSY 101, 341, 351, 361 & SOC 340, 341

Formation of Identity Stages of identity development

o Theories of developmental stages (e.g., Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud)



PSY 101, 341, 351, 361 SOC 340 SOC 340 SOC 340 & 341 SOC 340 & 341 SOC 101 & 340

Content Category 8B: Social thinking Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations

Attribution theory o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions

How self-perceptions shape our perceptions of others How perceptions of the environment shape our perceptions

of others

PSY 101, 341, 366

Prejudice and Bias Definition of prejudice Processes that contribute to prejudice




PSY 101, 341 & SOC 101, 328PS PSY 101, 341 SOC 101 SOC 328, 339 SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150

Processes Related to Stereotypes Self-fulfilling prophecy

PSY 101, 341

174

Stereotype threat

Content Category 8C: Social interactions Elements of Social Interaction

Statuses Roles Groups Networks Organizations

PSY 101, 341 & SOC 101, 340


o Gender shapes expression (SOC 322,332) o Culture shapes expression (ANT 150)


approach) Verbal and nonverbal communication (ANT 315) Animal signals and communication

PSY 101, 341 & SOC 340, 341 SOC 322, 332 ANT 150 SOC 341 ANT 315


o Foraging behavior o Mating behavior and mate choice o Applying game theory o Altruism o Inclusive fitness

PSY 101, 341

Discrimination Individual vs. institutional discrimination The relationship between prejudice and discrimination How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination

PSY 101 & SOC 101, 339

Content Category 9A: Understanding social structure Theoretical Approaches

Functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Social constructionism

SOC 101, 303

Social Institutions Education Family Religion Government and economy Health and medicine

SOC 101 SOC 101, 331 SOC 101, 334 SOC 101, 337 SOC 101

Culture Material culture Symbolic culture

SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150 & PSY

175


Culture and social groups Evolution and human culture

368, 443 SOC 340 & ANT 315 SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150 ANT 300 & PSY 443

Content Category 9B: Demographic characteristics and processes

Demographic Structure of Society Age Gender Race and ethnicity Immigration status Sexual orientation

SOC 101, 330 SOC 101, 332 SOC 101, 328 SOC 368 SOC 333, 322

Demographic Shifts and Social Change Demographic transition Fertility, migration, and mortality Social movements Globalization Urbanization

SOC 101 SOC 101 SOC 342 SOC 101, 435 SOC 351

Content Category 10A: Social inequality Spatial Inequality

Residential segregation (neighborhoods) Environmental justice (location and exposure to health

risks) Global inequalities

SOC 351 SWK 335 SOC 101, 435

Social Class Aspects of social stratification

o Class, status, and power o Cultural capital and social capital o Social reproduction o Privilege and prestige o Intersections with race, gender and age

Patterns of social mobility o Intergenerational and intragenerational mobility o Downward and upward mobility o Meritocracy

Poverty o Relative and absolute o Social exclusion (segregation and isolation)

SOC 101, 339

Health Disparities Race, gender, and class inequalities in health

PSY 366

Healthcare Disparities Race, gender, and class inequalities in healthcare

PSY 366

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