Chapter 5Reading Guide Review

An Industrial Nation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csEzTwKemwY

Josey Wales meets Lone Waite

Sand Creek Massacre-the killing of about 150 Cheyenne by the U.S. Army

Battle of Little Bighorn-battle between the Sioux and the U.S. cavalry; the last victory for the Sioux

Sitting Bull-Sioux leader at the Battle of Little Bighorn

George Armstrong Custer-U.S. cavalry commander at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Wounded Knee Massacre-the killing of about 300 Sioux men, women and children by Army troops

Chief Joseph-Nez Perce leader who tried to flee to Canada with his people

Geronimo-Apache leader who led many raids on the Arizona-Mexico border

Dawes Act-law that broke up some reservations and divided the land among individuals

Chisholm Trail-cattle trail that began in San Antonio and ended in Kansas

Homestead Act-law allowing any head of household over age 21 to claim 160 acres of land

1. Why did Native Americans believe that land should not be bought and sold?

Their lives were centered around the buffalo. They followed the migrating herds and depended on them for food, clothing, shelter, weapons and tools. They needed to be free to move with the herds. Native Americans believed no man owned the land but was for everyone’s use.

2. What were names the two massacres of Native Americans?

The Sand Creek Massacre and Wounded Knee Massacre

3. What was the Dawes Act?

The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up Indian reservations and divided the land among individuals. However, the government sold the best land and gave the rest to the Indians.

4. How many acres of land could the head of a family claim under the Homestead Act?

160 acres

5. Who did the settlers on the Great Plains learn irrigation techniques from?

Hispanic and Native American farmers

• Government began to seize lands that had belonged to Native Americans and force them onto reservations

• Goal of government- to break up Native Americans’ power and open up their lands for white settlement

• Native Americans fought back • In the Sand Creek Massacre, Army troops attacked a

band of Cheyenne on their own reservation, killing 150 people.

• Settlers wanted expansion• Native Americans wanted survival of their lifestyle

I. Conflicts with Native Americans

• Americanization was the policy of forcing Native Americans to give up their way of life and language

• The Dawes Act divided reservation land among individuals in an effort to Americanize Native Americans

• Geronimo and his followers fled their reservation and began raiding white settlements

I. Conflicts with Native Americans cont.

“I believe in immersing the Indians in our civilization and when we get them under holding them there until they are thoroughly soaked . . . Kill the Indian and save the man.“

Indian Children/schools http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/stories/0701_0144.html

•Schools taught children that their traditional ways were backward and superstitious.

•Teachers promoted the values of white civilization.

•NA children were returned to the reservations where their educations were useless. They did not fit in on the reservation and did not fit in the white world.

• Some mining camps survived and attracted families. The camps then grew into towns. Some seemed to spring up overnight and became known as Boom Towns

• Denver Colorado started as a mining camp turned Boom Town• Large-scale mining companies provided jobs• Cattle ranching grew into big business• Conflict arouse between sheep owners and cattle owners as

they competed for grazing lands on the open range• With the invention of barbed wire, these conflicts led to

fencing in animals and put an end to the open range

II. Mining and Ranching

• Land was available • Conditions were harsh and water was scarce• New technologies helped• Railroads took produce to eastern markets• A side effect of the railroad industry was time

zones• Homestead Act contributed to the settlement of

the West by giving 160 acres of land to any head of household over 21, with certain restrictions

III. Farmers on the Great Plains (Out West)

• African Americans began to move west to escape Black Codes and violence from the Ku Klux Klan

• Exodusters was the great exodus of blacks to Kansas because they heard the government was giving away free land to former slaves

• Diverse people moved west after the Civil War; whites from the East, African Americans from the South, Europeans and Chinese

• Known as the great land rush• The Morrill Act was passed to give land to states to build

colleges to teach agriculture and mechanics of farming; 1st federal government assistance for higher education

III. Farmers on the Great Plains cont.

As native Americans gradually lost their battle for their lands in the West, settlers brought in new enterprises such as : mining, ranching, and farming.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4qYUnm4ZYY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqCO1fMWeOM

Westward Expansion Rap

Section 2: The Second Industrial Revolution

Entrepreneur-risk taker who starts a new business

Capitalism-economic system in which most businesses are privately owned

Laissez-faire-type of capitalism in which government does not interfere with business

Social Darwinism-belief that people in society compete for survival; the stronger people, businesses, and nations succeed and weaker ones fail

John D. Rockefeller-business leader who made a fortune in oil

Andrew Carnegie-business leader who made a fortune in steel

Cornelius Vanderbilt-business leader who made a fortune in railroads

George Pullman-business leader who made a fortune by designing and building sleeper cars for rail travel

Sherman Antitrust Act-law that made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade; its goal was to limit the power of corporations.

Thomas Alva Edison-inventor of hundreds of useful items

Samuel Morse invented the telegraph; Morse code

1. What made producing steel faster and cheaper during the Second Industrial Revolution?

A new process of producing steel called the Bessemer Process.

2. How did the railroads affect settlement of the West?

They sped up settlement of the west by cutting travel time from months to days. Wherever railroads were built, new towns sprang up. Railroads also promoted trade and provided jobs. One side effect of railroads was time zones.

3. What is capitalism?

A system where most businesses are privately owned.

4. What poor conditions led workers to form unions?

Many children worked in factories. People workedlong hours in unhealthy conditions for low pay. Unionswere formed to fight for better working conditions.

5. Name some new inventions from this time period.

•Streetcars•Subways•Automobiles•Airplanes•Telegraph•Telephone•Typewriter•Lightbulb•Phonograph (record player)•Motion picture camera and projector

I. Industry and Railroads

• Factories equipped with steel could produce more manufactured goods

• The Bessemer process was a cheaper, faster way to produce steel

• Railroads promoted trade and provided jobs• Many Chinese Immigrants came to the U.S. to work on

the railroad and/or to look for gold• The Chinese Exclusion Act was enacted to end Chinese

immigration for 10 years

II. The Rise of Big Business

• Entrepreneurs were willing to risk large sums of money in new ventures, and many felt that fierce competition was perfectly normal• Corporation- A business with the legal status of an individual. Corporations are owned by people who buy stock or shares in the company. A board of directors make decisions. • Competition led to some corporations to merge together and form trusts. A board of trustees ran the companies like a single corporation

II. The Rise of Big Business cont.

• Department stores changed the way Americans shopped• Many kinds of goods could now be found in a single store• Many people called big business owners such as Rockefeller and Carnegie “robber barons” because of their ruthless competitiveness • Social Darwinism is the philosophy of only the strong survive in business•The National Grange lobbied state governments to regulate railroads

III. Workers Organize

• low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions and no benefits prompted workers to organize in the late 1800s• goals of the Knights of Labor were eight-hour workdays, end of child labor, equal pay for equal work

IV. Advances in Transportation and Communication

• Streetcars, subways, automobiles, telegraph, telephone and typewriters

IV. Advances in Transportation and Communication

• Streetcars, subways, automobiles, telegraphs, telephones, and typewriters were all advances made in communication in the late 1800s•The growth of cities led to the development of mass transit systems such as street cars and trolleys•The nation’s first subway system was in Boston

Monopolies – When one company gains complete control over an industry

Monopolies cause corporations to become very powerful.

In 1890, The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to make it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade.

Robber Barons vs Captains of Industry?

Destroy competitors with tough tactics or use their business skills to strengthen the economy?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=carnegie%20steel%20company%201800s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ie5orSjAoshqSM&tbnid=DA6T5xGjk4wcxM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://learner-centeredhistory.wikispaces.com/Week+2&ei=WyIRUtiFL9DlyAGu84A4&bvm=bv.50768961,d.b2I&psig=AFQjCNG9y4B_PsWyu38wUbLVR2vTUEbMcQ&ust=1376940785316223

During the late 1800s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of

Industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication.

Life at the Turn of the Century Section 3

Ellis Island- opened in 1892 in New York for European Immigrants

Americanization- process in which immigrants were force to abandon their traditional cultures and adopt the culture of white America.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iykbhpqLeAw

The Godfather: Arrival at Ellis Island

Tenement-rundown apartment building

Settlement house-place where volunteers offered immigrants services such as language lessons and job training

Jane Addams-co-founder of Hull House, one of the first American settlement houses

Social gospel-idea that faith should be shown through good acts

Populist Party-political party that stood for farmers, labor leaders, and reformers against big business leaders

The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to regulate railroads

Jim Crow laws-laws that created and enforced separation of African Americans and whites in public places

Lynching-murder of an individual by a group or mob

Booker T. Washington-civil rights leader who believed that African Americans should focus on farming and other useful skills to improve their situation

W.E.B. Du Bois-civil rights leader who believed that African Americans should push for full rights immediately

1. How many immigrants came to the US between 1880-1910? (Old Immigrants)Approximately 18 million; most came from eastern and southern Europe and passed through Ellis Island in New York.

2. What hardships did immigrants face?

•Difficult living conditions – tenements•Low paying jobs•poverty

3. Where could immigrants go for help? Explain.

They could go to Settlement Houses. These were places where volunteers offered services to immigrants such as language classes and jobtraining.

Jane Addams – founded Hull House, a settlement house where immigrants could go for help

4. What did the Populist Party want?

They wanted political and social reform which included bank regulation, government ownership of railroads,and unlimited coinage of silver to back money.

William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeTkT5-w5RA&feature=kp

5. What are the names of two influential Civil Rights leaders.

W.E.B. Du boisBooker T. Washington

I. New Immigrants

• Most were from southern and eastern Europe• Faced discrimination• Took low wage jobs• Lived in crowded tenements• Ethnic neighborhoods enabled immigrants to

keep some of their culture

II. Urban Life in America

• Upper classes flaunted wealth• Occupational standards were forming• Poor lived in tenements and were paid low

wages

III. Political Scandal and Reform

• Political machine bosses were convicted and sent to prison (organizations of professional politicians)

• Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall was a notorious political machine who was convicted of fraud and sent to prison

• Reforms were passed to ensure that federal promotions were based on merit, not political connections

• Populists wanted silver coins so the economy would be stronger

IV. Segregation and Discrimination

• Jim Crow laws created and enforced segregation

• Plessy v. Ferguson ruled “separate but equal” and allowed legal segregation for 60 years

• Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute teach African American practical skills

• W.E.B. de Bois was a fundamental in founding the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Angel Island opened in 1910 in California for Asian Immigrants (New Immigrants)

Many Chinese immigrants came to California to find gold.

A new wave of immigrants came to America in the late 1800s and settled in rapidly changing cities, where corruption and discrimination were common.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqCO1fMWeOM

Westward Expansion Rap