Chapter 5:An Industrial Nation

In the 60 years following the civil war, the U.S. became the world’s leading industrial

nation. New inventions drove a second industrial revolution, in which new systems

of transportation and communication transformed American life. Economic

opportunity drew millions of immigrants and the United States expanded its

territories westward.

Section 1:

Main Idea: As Native Americans gradually lost their battle for their lands in the West settlers brought new enterprises-mining, ranching, and farming.

Bell Ringer

What would you do to save your culture?

Moved from their land and their homes and deprived of the Buffalo that were the center of their lifestyle, Native Americans saw their traditional cultures dying out. A note of hope came from a Paiute shaman named Wovoka, who said he saw a vision in which he spoke to God. Wovoka told Native Americans that if they did not lie or steal or go to war, and if they performed the Ghost Dance for five days in a row, a messiah would come and save them. The Ghost Dance gave Native Americans hope, but for some, it led to tragedy.

Conflicts with Native Americans

Plains Indians in the mid-west thrived due to their reliance on wild buffalo, which provided food, clothing, tools and shelter; did not believe land should be bought or sold.

White settlers believed that land should be divided & claims given to people to farm or establish businesses; if Native Americans did not settle in one place, lands were available for the taking

Government Policies

Before this time, U.S. Army had forcible removed Native Americans & relocated them in the west

Current policy, Native American land was seized and Native Americans were sent to reservations

Most Americans agreed with this policy to deal with Native Americans

The Indian Wars

Tensions between plains indians, settlers, and the army began to increase

Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop

raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully

On their way, U.S. Army attacked killing 150 Native Americans

Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 Government ordered all Sioux to leave North Dakota Large group of Native Americans including Sioux,

Cheyenne, and Arapaho led by Chief Sitting Bull gathered near the Little Bighorn River

Army General George Armstrong Custer led an attack, Custer and his men were slaughtered

Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 Army troops captured some of Sitting Bulls followers Army used machine guns to kill 300 Sioux men,

women, children

Resistance Ends in then West In 1877, Government ordered the Nez Perce to

move to a smaller reservation in Idaho On the way, a few angry Native Americans killed several

white settlers Nez Perce and their leader, Chief Joseph fled toward

Canada When they finally surrendered, Chief Joseph stated he

would resist no longer In the Southwest, Army moved the Apache to a

reservation in Arizona Apache leader, Geronimo fled the reservation and led

raids for years until their capture

Reading Focus Question #1

How did changing government policies lead to conflicts with Native Americans in the West? As the government began to seize lands that had

been home to Native Americans and force them onto reservations, native groups fought back.

Reservation Life Goal of reservations: Americanization,

abandoning the traditional Native American culture and lifestyle and forcing Native to live like white settlers Bureau of Indian Affairs, the government organization

that managed reservations set up schools for Native American children Children had to speak English and could not wear traditional

clothing The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up some

reservations and gave land to individuals Typically, government sold the best land and left

the rest for the Native Americans

Mining and Ranching

In 1859, prospectors found silver mines in the Nevada Territory Yielded $500 million worth of silver over the next

20 years 1896 was the last major gold strike at the

Canada-Alaska border That year 100,000 Americans made the trip to the

Yukon territory in search of gold

Mining Communities

Most prospectors were men Came from the U.S. and other countries Started out as simple camps of tents or

shacks, but grew into towns with dirt roads, wooden sidewalks, stores, and saloons

Eventually, schools, churches and newspapers developed

Mining as business

At first, miners worked individually with hand tools After surface gold was depleted machinery was

needed to mine goal Miners then went to work for mining companies

Dug mine shafts, built tunnels, and drilled out ore Work was dangerous with threats of cave-ins,

explosions, and floods Workers occasionally tried to organize for better working

conditions, but mining companies resisted

Ranching on the Plains Cattle ranching became a new industry in the great

plains First cattle ranchers were the Spanish, then the

Mexicans Ranchers interbred the Spanish and English cattle

to produce the Texas Longhorn which were hardy, did not need much water, and could live on grass alone

Spanish also brought sheep ranching to the plains Cattle and sheep ranchers often clashed for

control of the land

Cattle Drives Demand for beef began to increase after the civil

war due to population increase A steer worth $4 in Texas was worth $40 in the

east so ranchers began to hire cattle herders to move herds of cattle east to towns with railroads where they could be shipped to meat packing plants in places like Chicago

Major cattle trails began to develop such as the Chisholm Trail, which ran from San Antonio to Kansas

Cattle drives usually lasted about 3 months, cattle travelled 10-12 miles per day

First cowboys were 12-18 year old boys

Reading Focus Question #2

How did mining and ranching influence the development of the west?

Mining camps grew into communities; large-scale companies provided jobs; cattle ranching grew into big business

Farmers on the Great Plains Initially the Great Plains were considered unfit for

habitation In 1862 ,Congress passed the Homestead Act, which

allowed any head of household over age 21 to claim 160 acres of land Each homesteader was required to build a house on the land,

make improvements on the land, and farm it for 5 years before receiving full ownership

In the Pacific Railway Act government gave millions of acres to railroad companies to build railroads and telegraph lines

The Morrill Act, gave states land to build colleges to teach agriculture and mechanic arts & was the 1st federal government assistance for higher education

The Oklahoma Land Rush

In 1879m a lobbyists discovered 2 million unclaimed acres that had not been assigned to any one nation

In 1889, this land was opened to settlers ON April 22, 1889 settlers lined up on the

Oklahoma border, at the signal, 50,000 people rushed into OK claiming land

The New Settlers

Why did people go to Oklahoma? Push/Pull factors.

Push factors are reasons why people left their homes

Pull factors are reasons why they settled in the west

White Settlers Most were middle class farmers or business people

who could afford supplies and transportation African American Settlers

Most left because of discrimination, Black codes, and violence in the south

European Settlers Were attracted by economic opportunity

Chinese Settlers Had relocated west for the gold rush or to work on

railroads Laws barred Asians from owning land so most became

workers not owners

Challenges and Solutions Climate was harsh with bitter cold weather,

high winds, and snow. Summers were hot and water was scarce

Most families depend on wells powered by windmills

Some settlers learned irrigation techniques from Hispanic and North Americans

Wood for houses was scarce so homes were initially dugout of hills, homes were eventually built from blocks of soil

New technology included plows with sharper edges, combine harvesters that cut wheat and seperated grains

Large companies started bonanza farms with expensive machinery, professional managers, and workers

In 1890 the U.S. census bureau issued a momentous report that declared the frontier closed

Reading Focus Question #3

What opportunities and challenges did farmers face on the Great Plains? Land was available, but conditions were harsh

and water was scarce. New technologies helped, and railroads took porduce to eastern markets

Section 2:

Main Idea: During the late 1800’s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication.

Bell Ringer

How did oil fuel the Second Industrial Revolution?

Seeking a new source for oil- which was refined into kerosene to light lamps, Edwin L. Drake drilled into rock in Pennsylvania, hit a deep crevice, and saw oil seep to the surface. Drake had drilled the first commercial oil well. The discovery inspired efforts to find oil in other places. Some oil prospectors, known as wildcatters, found oil at Spindletop Hill in Texas. That site produced 17 million barrels of oil in 1902 before production slowed. Though short-lived, the Texas oil boom changed the nation, giving a start to major oil companies that would refine crude oil into gasoline and other products and transform transportation and industry.

Review Questions: What was oil used for during the time that

Edwin Drake drilled the first commercial oil well?

The discovery of oil at Spindletop Hill set off an oil boom in which state?

Making Steel Bessemer process made steel making

cheaper and easier in the 1850’s By 1910 the U.S. was the world’s top

producer of steel in the world Was used to make railroads, higher bridges,

and taller buildings Made newer more productive machinery Was cheap enough to make it practical for

everyday items such as nails and wire

Railroads Expand Between 1865-1890, the miles of railroad tracks jumped

fivefold Expansion was helped by federal grants of land and

cheap steel Congress authorized2 companies to build railways west

For 6 years the 2 companies competed to complete the first transcontinental railroad

Union Pacific built from Omaha, NE west while Central Pacific built from the west coast eastward

Which group faced more challenges? On May 10, 1869 two groups met in Utah Territory connecting

the two railroads to form one continuous rail

Effects of railroads

Promoted trade and provided jobs Sped up the settlement of the west Led to the adoption of standard time

Until then, people kept time according to the position of the sun but running a railroad required accurate timekeeping

A New York School Principal suggested Standard Time Zones

In 1918, Congress adopted standard time zones

Reading Focus Question #1

How did industry and railroads lead to the Second Industrial Revolution? Factories equipped with steel could produce

more manufactured goods; railroads promoted trade and provided jobs

The Rise of Big Business Big Business prospered in the late 1800’s

because of entrepreneurs, people who assume economic risks to start new businesses

Capitalism, or free enterprise, a system in which businesses are privately owned

Laissez-Faire Capitalism, free enterprise system in which companies operate without government intervention

Under this system there are huge inequalities

An attempt to explain the inequalities of Capitalism was Social Darwinism Based on Charles Darwin’s idea of Survival of the

fittest Stronger members adapt to the environment and

will survive, while weaker members will gradually die out

New Business Organizations Corporations, businesses with the legal

statues of an individual began during this time Are owned by people who buy shares or stock in a

company Board of directors makes decisions, while corporate

officers run day to day operations Can raise money for their company by selling stock Due to competition, some companies merged to form

a trust When a trust gained total control over an industry, it

held a monopoly

Industrial Tycoons

Cornelius Vanderbilt Began investing in railroads and made a fortune

John D. Rockefeller Owned Standard Oil, an oil refinery Also purchased companies that would assist his

oil business such as pipelines and railways (vertical integration)

Also took over other competing companies (horizontal integration)

Gave away huge amounts of money to charities

George Pullman Made his fortune making railway cars that were

sleeper cars making travel more comfortable Andrew Carnegie

Was a poor Scottish Immigrant who came to the U.S. at age 12

Worked for PA Railroad Began to invest, then began purchasing his own

steel company Devoted his time and fortune to building public

libraries and financing education

Mass Marketing

To increase sales, manufacturers tried to increase sales through marketing techniques, clever names, and advertisements

This was also the start of department stores where you could buy many different types of products in one place instead of travelling from store to store

In rural areas, people could purchase the same goods from catalogs

Reading Focus Question #2

How did entrepreneurs and public attitudes help the rise of big business in the late 1800s? Entrepreneurs were willing to risk large sums of

money in ventures, and many felt that fierce competition was perfectly natural

Workers Organize Most industrial workers were making less than

$500 per year, while business owners got richer Government began to get concerned about the

growing power of corporations, so they passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade

The American Workforce Factory workers included Europeans, rural

Americans and children Worked 12 to 16 hours per day, no paid vacation, sick

leave, or compensation for injuries 1/6 of kids age 10-15 held a job

African Americans were generally hired as household help

By late 1800’s workers began to organize 1st Labor Union: Knights of Labor in Philadelphia

Included unskilled workers, women, and African Americans

Worked for 8 hour workday, end of child labor, and equal pay

Reading Focus Question #3

What conditions prompted workers to organize in the late 1800s? Low wages, long hours, unsafe working

conditions, no benefits

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Railroad workers protested cuts in wages, & blocked

the movement of trains Led to numerous deaths Was ended by the Army

Haymarket Riot of 1886 1,500 different strikes over wage cuts Workers gathered in Haymarket Square in Chicago 11 people died, hundreds were injured 8 union members with foreign sounding names were

blamed, tried, and 4 were hanged.

Setbacks for Organized Labor Employers forced employees to sign papers that

they wouldn’t join unions; blacklisted union members

In 1866 Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Workers Successfully won wage increases and shorter work

weeks Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh seized

the plant 16 people ended up dead after a 14 hour battle

Pullman Company laid off 1/3 of its workforce & cut the wages of the rest Workers went on strike Government ordered union to call off the strike b/c

it interfered with delivering the mail Federal troops responded and the strike

collapsed Workers who took part in the strike were fired or

blacklisted

Advances in Transportation Streetcars

By the 1830’s horsecars and streetcars were pulling along the streets carrying large numbers of people along established routes

Cable cars were soon developed which latched onto a moving cable underground

By 1900, most cities had electric streetcars or trolleys pulled by overhead electrical wires

Subways Boston opened the 1st subway in 1897 to overcome

crowding on city streets

Automobiles In 1893, Charles and Frank Duryea built the first

practical American Motorcar First cars were only owned by the wealthy

Airplanes In 1903, Frank and Orville Wright built the first

successful airplane which flew in Kittyhawk North Carolina

A Communications Revolution Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse Could send messages by tapping out patterns of long

and short signals over electric wires Wires were strung along train tracks Became the fastest way to send messages

Telephone Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

Typewriter Invented in 1867 by Christopher Lantham Could produce readable documents quickly Opened up a major job opportunity for women

Thomas Edison

One of America’s most amazing inventors Opened his own research laboratory in New

Jersey Invented the first phonograph (record player),

safe electric light bulb, and a lighting system powered by his own power plant

Later invented the motion picture camera and projector

Reading Focus Question #3

What advances in transportation and communication were made in the late 1800s? Streetcars, subways, automobiles, telegraph,

telephone, and typewriter

Section 3:

Main Idea: A new wave of immigrants came to America in the late 1800s and settled in rapidly changing cities where political corruption was common and minorities faced discrimination

Bell RingerWhat was it like to move to the United States during the turn of the century?

For millions of southern and eastern Europeans, America meant hope for a new home and a better life. In American cities, immigrants tended to settle near others from their home countries, and families from the same town sometimes moved to the same street. Living conditions could be difficult, but immigrants banded together to help each other and to maintain their familiar cultural traditions. In New York, Mulberry Street became the center of the Italian community which still survives today.

Review Questions: Why did millions of Europeans move to

the United States at the turn of the twentieth century?

Why do you think immigrants would have wanted to maintain some of their cultural traditions after leaving Europe?

New Immigrants

Native Americans are the only group who did not come to the U.S. from somewhere else

“Old Immigrants” were from northern and western Europe

Between 1880 and 1910 there were 18 million new immigrants By 1910, 1 of every 7 Americans was foreign born Most came from Southern and Eastern Europe

(Greece, Italy, Poland, and Russia) Also were diverse in religion (Catholic, Orthodox, and

Jewish

Coming to America

Reasons why immigrants came to U.S. Jewish people cane from Russia to escape

religious persecution Many left Southern and Eastern Europe to escape

poverty and little economic opportunity In 1892 U.S. Government opened an

immigration station on Ellis Island in New York Doctors scanned each immigrant for signs of

serious disease or injury

After 1910, immigrants from Asia passed through Angel island, an immigration station in San Francisco Because of discrimination, many Chinese immigrants

were held in prison-like conditions for weeks or months to await a decision whether or not they could stay

Immigrants faced many hardships Lived in tenements and took low-paying unskilled jobs Most settled near other immigrants from their own

countries with the same language and culture Established churches and synagogues, formed

organizations to help other immigrants with money, jobs, healthcare, and education

Reading Focus Question #1

Who were the new immigrants of the late 1800s and what challenges did they face? Most from southern and eastern Europe; a few

from East Asia; faced discrimination; many took low wage jobs and lived in crowded tenements

Prejudice against immigrants

Native-born Americans “Nativists” saw immigrants as a threat and blamed them for social problems like crime and poverty Wanted all immigrants to pass a literacy test

Congress passed this bill despite Woodrow Wilson’s veto West Coast, prejudice against Asians

CA passes laws restricting Asians from holding certain jobs & living in certain places

In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese exclusion act Banned immigration for 10 years and barred Chinese

immigrants from becoming citizens

Urban Life in America

As cities built up, there was less buildable space Architects began to build taller buildings with steel

frames Also worried about the lack of “green space”

so city planners began to plan for parks in cities

How different classes lived Wealthy

Made their money in industry and business Built houses that resembled castles & Italian palaces

Middle Class Made up of corporate employees such as accountants,

managers, teachers, lawyers, & doctors Working Class

Earned low wages, lived in rundown tenements, or rundown apartments Environment was unhealthy, (lack of ventilation and light) Tenements had no running water or plumbing

Neightborhoods were filled with trash and raw sewage

Reading Focus Question #2

What was urban life like at the turn of the twentieth century? Upper class flaunted wealth, occupational

standards forming, poor lived in tenements, paid low wages

The Settlement House Movement In 1883 London reformers founded the first

settlement house, a place where volunteers offered immigrants services such as Language education, job training, clubs, and sports

Jane Addams founded the first settlement house in the U.S. in Chicago called the Hull House

Most settlement house workers were college-educated women

Came out of the idea of Social Gospel, the idea that faith should be expressed through good works

Political Scandal and Reform

American cities had problems such as crime, bad housing, and poor sanitation

Machine bosses won support by giving people jobs or helping families Using their positions to gain money, accepting bribes

in exchange for city contracts

Scandal in Government

Ulysses S. Grant became President in 1869 His presidency was marred by scandals

In 1880, Reformer James A. Garfield became President Was assassinated Chester Arthur became President Chester Arthur helped pass Pendelton Civil

Service Act, which required that promotions be based on merit, not political connections

Reading Focus Question #3

How did political scandals lead to reform in the late 1800s? Political machine bosses were convicted and sent

to prison and sent to prison; Pendelton Civil Services Act required jobs to be awarded based on merit

Farmers Reform Movements Times were difficult for farmers

Crop prices were falling Farmers were in debt Organized to persuade legislatures to regulate railroad

rates Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in

1887 which called for Reasonable Railroad Rates

Silver versus gold Farmer’s Alliance group wanted the government to

print more money Believed farmers could charge more for goods if there

was more money in circulation Money was originally redeemable for either gold or

silver In 1873, Congress put the U.S. on the gold

standard meaning paper money could only be redeemed for gold This reduced the amount of money in circulation and

hurt farmers, farmers wanted money to be backed by silver

Created a political party called the Populist Party

Election of 1896

Silver was an issue in the election of 1896 Republicans supported the gold standard Democrats supported the silver standard Business leaders contributed millions of dollars to the

Republican campaign and McKinley won the election

Legalized Discrimination Whites tried to prevent African Americans from

voting using poll taxes and literacy tests Most African Americans were too poor to pay the tax

and had been denied the education to pay the tax Southern States passed Jim Crow Laws, laws to

create and enforce segregation Examples: separate railroad cars for blacks and whites,

segregated schools and public places

In 1890 Homer Plessy, an African American, sat in a whites only train car to test the law, He was arrested. In Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court upheld segregation and ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th amendment

African Americans were expected to behave in a lower social position to whites in all situations

Lynching, murder of an individual by a group or individual Nearly 900 African Americans were lynched

Opposing Discrimination Booker T. Washington

Believed African Americans needed to accept racism temporarily

African Americans cold best improve their situation through acquiring skills

Founded the Tuskegee Institute to teach African Americans skills

W.E.B. Dubois Believed African Americans should strive for full rights

immediately Founded the National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People

Other groups face discrimination Hispanic Americans

Most Mexican-Americans were farmers, many had to take low paying jobs

Many became stuck in jobs by a system called debt peonage, in which they could not leave their job until they paid debts they owed their employers

Asian Americans Lived in segregated neighborhoods Laws were passed that made it illegal for whites and Asian

Americans to marry Native Americans

Had to face Americanization policies Had few economic opportunities on reservations

Reading Focus Question #4

What types of segregation and discrimination did African-Americans and other minorities encounter? Separate public facilities and schools, denied the

right to vote; strict rules of behavior towards whites; lynching

CST Practice Questions

The development of which of the following products led to advances in the transportation industry in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?

a. Oil and steel

b. Oil and cotton

c. Coal and steel

d. Cotton and steel

Answer

The development of which of the following products led to advances in the transportation industry in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?

a. Oil and steel

b. Oil and cotton

c. Coal and steel

d. Cotton and steel

What effect did industrialization have on working conditions in the United States in the 1800’s?

a. Workers enjoyed income equality across classes

b. Laborers worked 8 hour days in well-paying jobs

c. Employers paid benefits to workers such as vacation and sick time

d. Workers labored long hours in poor conditions at low paying jobs

Answer

What effect did industrialization have on working conditions in the United States in the 1800’s?

a. Workers enjoyed income equality across classes

b. Laborers worked 8 hour days in well-paying jobs

c. Employers paid benefits to workers such as vacation and sick time

d. Workers labored long hours in poor conditions at low paying jobs

CST Practice Questions

In the late 1800’s, the settlement house movement grew largely out of

a. The Social Gospel

b. Social Darwinism

c. Political machines

d. Conspicuous consumption

CTS Practice Question

Unlike earlier immigrants, most immigrants who came to the United States in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s

a. Did not pass through Ellis Island

b. Came from Northern and Western Europe

c. Came from Southern and Eastern Europe

d. Settled in open areas where well paying jobs were plenitful

Answer:

In the late 1800’s, the settlement house movement grew largely out of

a. The Social Gospel

b. Social Darwinism

c. Political machines

d. Conspicuous consumption

CST Practice Question

Americanization refers to:

a. Programs designed to acculturate Native Americans

b. Laws dissolving reservations and evicting Native Americans

c. The policy of concentrating reservations away from American urban centers

d. A plan to forcibly remove Native Americans from all land held by the United States

Answer:

Americanization refers to:

a. Programs designed to acculturate Native Americans

b. Laws dissolving reservations and evicting Native Americans

c. The policy of concentrating reservations away from American urban centers

d. A plan to forcibly remove Native Americans from all land held by the United States

CST Practice Question

Corporate trusts and monopolies such as John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, were extensions of business practices grounded in

a. Philanthropy

b. Mass marketing

c. Laissez-faire capitalism

d. Governmental regulation

Answer:

Corporate trusts and monopolies such as John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, were extensions of business practices grounded in

a. Philanthropy

b. Mass marketing

c. Laissez-faire capitalism

d. Governmental regulation

CST Practice QuestionSocial Darwinists and the Social Gospel

Movement

a. Worked together to address societies problems

b. Began as responses to the settlement house movement

c. Held conflicting views on society’s obligations to the poor

d. Required different forms of service in fulfilling obligations

Answer:Social Darwinists and the Social Gospel

Movement

a. Worked together to address societies problems

b. Began as responses to the settlement house movement

c. Held conflicting views on society’s obligations to the poor

d. Required different forms of service in fulfilling obligations