chapter 4: some theoretical aspects of words? words skills: language and activities for talking...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4: Some Theoretical Aspects of Words?
Words Skills: Language and Activities for Talking About Words
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Last Class
• We looked at classroom interactions for talking about spelling and meaning. In particular, we looked clarifying spelling and defining words with synonyms, antonyms, and appositives.
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Last Class
Quick is spelled Q-U-I-C-K.That’s K as in KING.
It’s another word for fast.It’s the opposite of slow.
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Today’s Class
We are going to look at some theoretical aspects of words.
Having a clear conception of these aspects will help us when we have to explain pronunciation or phonetic rules to students.
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Consonants and Vowels:A Source of Confusion
• How many consonants and vowels does the word below have?
THREE
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The answer depends on what you mean by consonant and what you mean by vowel.
Sometimes when we say consonant we mean a consonant letter and sometimes we mean a consonant sound. Likewise for vowel.
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THREE has three consonant letters: T, H, and R.
THREE has two vowel letters: E, E
THREE has two consonant sounds: /θ/, /r/
THREE has one vowel sound: /i/
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Consonant Letters
• Consonant letters are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and z.
• The are called consonant letters because they typically make a consonant sound (but not always).
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Consonant Sounds
• Consonants are made by closing restricting the vocal tract in some way
• Some examples are the /b/ in ball, the /f/ in fish, or the /w/ in water.
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Vowel Letters
• The vowel letters are a, e, i, o, and u.
• They are called vowel letters because they typically make a vowel sound.
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Vowel Sounds
• Vowels are sounds made with an open vocal tract.
• Some examples are the /æ/ in bat and the /aɪ/ in like.
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In class task 1
• Fill out table 4-1 for the following words:
catlike
boughtsight ship
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Short Vowels
Vowel can be long or short.
The words hat, bed, bit, dot, and sub have short vowels. They are also called CVC words.
(consonant –short vowel-consonant)
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Long Vowels
• Long vowel words are made by adding a ‘bossy E’ which is also called a ‘silent E’ or a ‘magic E’ by teachers.
• Some long vowel words are bike, tape, and rope.
• When explaining this teachers often say that the E bosses the vowel (changes its sound).
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Other Long Vowels
• Other long vowels are made up of vowel digraphs such as the ee in seed, the ai in train or the oa in toad.
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Phonemes versus Graphemes
• This brings us to our next point what is a digraph. First we need to know what a phoneme is and what a grapheme is.
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Phoneme
• A phoneme is an indivisible unit of sound like the /f/ in fish.
• The word cat for example has three phonemes /k/, /æ/, and /t/.
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Grapheme
• A grapheme is a written representation of a phoneme.
/k/ is represented by c/æ/ is represented by a./t/ is represented by t.
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Digraphs
• A digraph is a combination of letters that represent a single phoneme (sound).
• Some consonant digraphs are SH, CH, NG, and CK.
• Some vowel digraphs are EE, EA, OO, OA, and AI
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Consonant Blends
• Consonant blends are combinations of consonants that do not represent a single phoneme and can be segmented into their individual sounds.
• The /f/ /r/ in frog is an example.
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R-controlled vowels
• R-controlled vowels are combinations of vowels followed by r. The r causes the vowel pronunciation to change (hence it's called r-controlled). The ar in star, the ir in bird, and the or in storm are examples.
• These are notoriously difficult for Korean speakers.
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In Class Group Discussion
In groups, discuss and number the following items with 1 being the first thing you would teach and 8 being the last thing you would teach.__ vowel digraphs, __ consonant blends __ long vowels (bossy E), __ consonant digraphs__consonants sounds, __ short vowels __r-controlled vowels, __ cvc words
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Words that Don’t Fit
• Some words do not have regular phoneme-grapheme correspondences. Some example of these words are:
• one, two, what, does, do, word, and war
• Unfortunately, these are some of the most common words in the English language.
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Sight Words
• Phonics can offer partial help in decoding these words, but for the most part they must be learned from sight.
• We call them sight words.
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Dolch Sight Words
• In 1936, Dolch compiled a list of the most common words found in children’s literature in the English language.
• These are the Dolch sight word list.
• Many of these words have irregular grapheme-phoneme correspondences.
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Syllables in a Word
• This is actually not a well-defined concept and there is some controversy as to what a syllable is.
One way to define a syllable is a unit of sound centered around a vowel. It may or may not include consonant sounds before or after it.
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Language Focus: Syllables
Look at the way we talk about syllables in a word.
Paper has two syllables.There are two syllables in paper.
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In Class Task
• How many syllables do the following words have?
attitudesyllableevery
screeched
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Chapter 5: Pronunciation
Use these expressions to ask about pronunciation.
How do you pronounce (this word/this/that/it)?How is (this word/it/this/that) pronounced?How do you say (this word/this/that/it)?
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Use these expressions to give pronunciation:
You pronounce it /word/.It's pronounced /word/.
Note: the similarity with spelling.
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Letters and Sounds
• When talking about the sounds that letters make use these expressions:
(The) B makes a /b/ sound.(The) S-H makes a /ʃ/ sound.
Note: make and sound collocate strongly.
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Exercise 5-1
• What sound do the letters in bold make?
centurylater
knightphilosophy
ocean
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Talking About Silent Letters
• Use these expressions when talking about silent letters.
Lamb has a silent B.The T in watch is silent.
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Exercise 5-2
• What are the silent letters in these words?
debtisland
raspberrysign
autumn
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Clarifying Pronunciation
• Similar to clarifying letters.
That's /b/ as in boy.That's /k/ like the /k/ in cat
Choose a well-known noun with a well-known pronunciation.
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Exercise 5-3
• Clarify the pronunciation of the letters in bold:brotherpeach
machinewestsaw
laugh