chapter 4 section 3 us history (eoc) · chapter 4 section 3 us history (eoc) ... o leaders included...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4 Section 3
US History (EOC)
New ideas began to challenge Social Darwinism:
o government involvement and regulation became popular.
Naturalism became popular, especially in art and literature.
Social Gospel – movement to create better conditions in the cities!
o Washington Gladden & Water Rauschenbusch
o Salvation Army
o YMCA = Young Men’s Christian Association
Reformers helped the urban poor:
o Jane Addams – Hull House
o Lillian Wald – Henry Street Settlement
Jane Addams & Hull
House (New York City)
How did Public Education change?
o Industrial America needed more trained workers
o 1865-1895: states pass laws requiring school attendance for children.
o Kindergartens - originally childcare for working women - became popular for all children
o Vocational programs in high schools taught required job skills.
o 1880: 62% of white children and 34% of African American children attended elementary schools
Booker T. Washington – founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881
History Class at Tuskegee
Institute, 1902
What is “genteel” culture?
o The word itself means ‘refined’
o The movement is one of culture
o Strict rules for writing and design
o The hope is to create a coherent national artistic culture.
Who led the movement?
o Charles Eliot Norton
o Richard Watson Gilder
o E. L. Godkin
How did these men impact the movement?
o Lecturing to the middle class about the value of high culture.
o Censorship of publications to remove unseemly material: allusions, disrespect to religion, unhappy endings.
Which novelists were also part of the movement?
o Henry James
Was there an British movement at the same time?
o YES! The “aesthetic movement”
o Leaders included Oscar Wilde and William Morris
In both movements art became critical.
Who opposed the movement?
o Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)
o Works should appeal to the general public
What could compete with the “elite periodicals”?
o Ladies’ Home Journal, Cosmopolitan, McClure’s lowered their prices to $.10 or $.15.
How did art and architecture change?
o Architects began to break away from ‘copying’ European architecture
o Louis Sullivan argued that “a building’s form should follow its function”
• Banks should not look like Greek temples
o This leads to modernist architecture
What is modernist architecture?
o Plain geometric forms with clean lines/structure
o Chicago School
o Louis Sullivan’s Carson, Pirie, Scott Building is an excellent example.
What is Prairie style?
o Midwestern modern architecture who constructed buildings using the aesthetic of the Prairie (nature) for inspiration.
o Frank Lloyd Wright’s Falling Water is an excellent example.
Carson, Pirie, Scott Building Falling Water
Modernist artists rejected the Victorian style.
o Winslow Homer painted grim, elemental seascapes.
o Thomas Eakins captured vigorous activity (Single Sculls)
o Impressionists also emerged
What is really going on?
o A complete shift in middle-class ideas!
o There is a significant gap developing between the country life and the urban/industrial city life.
• Quiet parlors/kerosene lamps compared to the gleaming cities of iron and glass!
How do we address this gap?
o At this time, the divisions remain!
o Progressive Era will address this issue.
Middle class women will play a critical role in the abandonment of Victorian refinement!
o This group was dissatisfied with the cult of domesticity
o This did not lead to open rebellion
o Many women fused the Victorian ideal with some form of political action.
So how do women change the culture?
o Through organizations like the WCTU
o Through leaders like Frances Willard
What about younger women?
o Bicycling! A new craze in America
o Women would wear split skirts – symbols for their liberation from genteel culture.
Do these ideas spread to marriage?
o YES! Culturally we see a rise in the divorce rate
Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour