chapter 3: territorial expansion during the antebellum … · chapter 3 terms northwest ordinance...
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Chapter 3: Territorial Expansion
during the Antebellum Period
Standard USHC-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how economic
developments and the westward movement impacted regional differences and democracy
in the early nineteenth century.
Enduring Understanding
Political conflict is often the result of competing social values and economic interests. To
understand how different perspectives based on differing interests and backgrounds led to
political conflict in the antebellum United States, the student will utilize the knowledge
and skills set forth in the following indicators:
Indicators
USHC-2.1 Summarize the impact of the westward movement on nationalism and
democracy, including the expansion of the franchise, the displacement of Native
Americans from the southeast and conflicts over states’ rights and federal power during the
era of Jacksonian democracy as the result of major land acquisitions such as the Louisiana
Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican Cession
USHC-2.2 Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of Manifest Destiny affected
the United States’ relationships with foreign powers, including the role of the United States
in the Texan Revolution and the Mexican War.
USHC-2.3 Compare the economic development in different regions (the South, the North,
and the West) of the United States during the early nineteenth century, including ways that
economic policy contributed to political controversies.
USHC-2.4 Compare the social and cultural characteristics of the North, the South, and the
West during the antebellum period, including the lives of African Americans and social
reform movements such as abolition and women’s rights.
.
Chapter 3 Terms
Northwest Ordinance
Louisiana Purchase
War of 1812
Andrew Jackson
Battle of New Orleans
Monroe Doctrine
Manifest Destiny
Missouri Compromise
Annexation of Texas
Oregon Territory
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Gadsden Purchase
Compromise of 1850
Cherokee
Trail of Tears
Cotton gin
Sectionalism
Plantation system
Factory system
Tariffs
American System
Democracy
Jacksonian Democracy
Universal suffrage
Second National Bank
Temperance movement
Abolitionist movement
Women’s rights movement
Essential Questions
Describe the effects of the War of 1812. What was the Tail of Tears?
What impact did cotton have on western settlement? Describe Henry clay’s “American system”. What was Andrew Jackson’s view concerning suffrage? What was the Second-Great Awakening?
3.1 Territorial Expansion
With the victory over the French in the French
and Indian War, Britain took possession of the
Northeast Territory.
Following the American Revolution, Congress
passed the Northwest Ordinance which divided
the area into even smaller territories.
It also provided guidelines under which new
states could be admitted.
Under the ordinance, slavery was not permitted
in the new territories.
Once in office, President Jefferson wanted
to secure the U.S. trading on the
Mississippi River.
He sent representatives to France to
negotiate the purchase of New Orleans.
Napoleon was not interested, however
when Britain resumed its war with France
the French emperor surprised Jefferson by
offering to sell not only New Orleans but
the entire Louisiana region.
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was the
U.S. largest land purchase.
It roughly doubled the size of the country.
The Louisiana Purchase
President Jefferson chose Meriwether
Lewis to find a water route to the Pacific
Ocean.
Lewis chose William Clark to help him
lead the expedition.
They departed from St. Louis in May of
1804 and reached the Pacific Northwest
coast in November of 1805.
They returned to St. Louis in September of
1806 with valuable information about the
Oregon and Louisiana territories.
This exploration led to the rapid migration
of settlers to the Pacific Northwest.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
As U.S. settlers attempted to move west,
they often confronted Native Americans
who resisted them.
Many settlers blamed the British for
wanting to protect their own interest.
They also felt threatened by the British
presence in Canada.
This combined with the British navy’s
policy of impressing U.S. sailors meant
that many in the U.S. wanted war.
On June 18, 1812, congress declared war
on Great Britain.
The War of 1812
The War of 1812 began with many in the U.S. hoping
to win land from the British in Canada and the
Spanish in Florida.
The British invaded and burned Washington DC in
august of 1814.
The U.S. won an inspiring victory at Fort McHenry
shortly after the DC burning.
The bravery of the U.S. soldiers inspired Francis
Scott Key to write the initial draft of the Star
Spangled Banner.
U.S. commander Andrew Jackson won major
victories at Horseshoe Bend and at New Orleans.
The U.S. won the war and signed the Treaty of Ghent
but it did not grant any official land to the U.S., but it
did keep the Mississippi river and the frontier open.
The War of 1812 cont.
The War of 1812 led to a rise in U.S. nationalism.
U.S. manufacturers proved capable of supplying the country with goods and this boosted
the morale and the economy.
Nationalism
The Monroe Doctrine With the end of the War of 1812 and the federalist party, the U.S. entered a period of
national pride and political unity known as the Era of Good Feelings.
President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823.
The Monroe Doctrine stated that the U.S. would not tolerate European intervention in the
affairs of any independent nation in the Americas.
He also made it clear the U.S. was no longer open to any European colonization and any
future attempts would be considered an act of war.
During the middle of the 19th century or the 1800s , many wanted to add to the U.S.
territory.
Many leaders and citizens believed it was the country’s destiny to expand and possess
territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Those who shared this conviction referred to it as “Manifest Destiny”.
Manifest Destiny
As the U.S. expanded west the main political issue
was slavery.
Free northern states opposed the addition of new
slave states.
Southern states fear the addition of free states
would leave them at a political disadvantage.
In 1819, a debate raged in congress over
Missouri’s application for statehood.
Slave states and free states were equally
represented in the Senate.
Missouri’s admission would disrupt the balance of
power.
A proposed bill called for the admission of
Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
The Missouri Compromise
In addition, the southern boundary of Missouri 36º30’N, would become a dividing line for
any new states admitted to the union.
All new states North of the line would be free states, all new states South of the line would
be slave states.
President Monroe signed it into law in 1820, It became know as the Missouri Compromise.
The Missouri Compromise
In 1821, Mexico gained independence from
Spain and gained control of Texas, which
include a large number of U.S. settlers.
In 1834 General Antonio Santa Anna assumed
power of the Mexican government and
tightened his control over Texas.
In response, Texans under the leadership of
Sam Houston launched a rebellion.
On March 6, a small group of Texans took
their stand against the Mexican leader at an
old mission called the Alamo.
Texas: Independence and Annexation
Despite their bravery every Texan who fought
at the Alamo perished.
Texas remained an independent nation until
1845.
The annexation of Texas was a critical issue in
the election of 1844.
James Polk became the first dark horse
presidential nominee in U.S. history.
Polk won the election and Congress admitted
Texas to the Union as a slave state in 1845.
Texas: Independence and Annexation cont.
In 1827, the U.S. and Great Britain had
reaffirmed their agreement to occupy the
Oregon territory jointly.
In 1843, thousands of U.S. settlers moved to
Oregon seeking a better life.
President Polk approached Britain arguing that
the U.S. had a rightful claim to the territory up
to 54º40N.
This started the slogan 54-40 or fight.
Britain agreed to give up Oregon and the U.S.
accepted a treaty declaring the 49 parallel the
official boundary.
In 1846 Oregon became a U.S. territory.
Oregon
Mexico considered the U.S. annexation of Texas to be an act of aggression. In June 1845,
Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead his troops to the border to settle disputes over
the Mexico-U.S. border.
He also sent John Sidell to assist and negotiate for the purchase of California.
When Mexican troops crossed the border an attacked Taylor, Polk demanded that congress
declare war on Mexico.
The war was a series of U.S. victories leading up to September 14, 1847, when General
Winfield Scott marched his troops into Mexico City and forced Mexico to surrender.
After months of negotiations, the U.S. and Mexico finally ended the war with the Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo on February 2, 1848.
The treaty required Mexico to surrender the New Mexico and California territories to the
U.S. in 1853, the Gadsden Purchase gave the U.S. parts of present day New Mexico and
Arizona for 10 million dollars.
War with Mexico and
The Gadsden Purchase
Territorial expansion greatly affected Native
Americans. One tribe that was prominent in
western North Carolina and Georgia was the
Cherokee.
The Cherokee had assisted Andrew Jackson
in his victory at Horseshoe Bend during the
war of 1812.
When gold was discovered on the Cherokee
land in Georgia, the U.S. government took
action to move the tribe.
In 1830, congress passed the Indian Removal
Act, This law authorized the removal of the
Cherokee and other tribes from the southeast
U.S.
The Cherokee and The Trail of Tears
The Supreme court ruled that the Cherokee
had the right to remain on their land and
could not be forcibly removed.
President Andrew Jackson disregarded the
Court’s decision. In 1838 after Jackson left
office, the U.S. government forcibly removed
the Cherokee.
They were forced to march eight hundred
miles to reservations in Oklahoma.
Over one quarter of the Cherokee people died
from disease, starvation and exposure to the
bitter cold during the journey. Their march
became know as “The Trail of Tears”
The Cherokee and The Trail of Tears
In 1848, gold was discovered just north of Sacramento,
California.
The following year gold seekers came from all over the
world as part of the California Gold Rush of 1849.
These people became know as 49ers. This great increased
California's population.
This growth produced a need for a stable government
overnight.
The debate over slavery prevented congress from
organizing the territory.
Californians took matters into their own hands by drafting
a approving a state Constitution.
The Compromise of 1850 allowed congress to admit
California as a free state on September 9, 1850.
California Becomes A State
Settlers had different motivations for moving west, for
some it was religious faith.
The Mormons moved west to escape religious
persecution.
Under the leadership of Brigham Young, the Mormons
journeyed west and settled in present day Utah.
Gold was another reason people went west, Ten years later
in 1859, large numbers of people rushed to the western
region of Nevada after the discovery of the Comstock
Lode.
It was the richest discovery of precious ores in history.
As cotton became more and more profitable, many
southerners pushed west to grow cotton.
Western settlers grew to value independence and did not
want intrusion from a strong national government.
The West
By the 1800s, slavery was a major part of the nation’s
economy. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
The cotton gin was a machine that separated the seeds
from cotton. The gin made cotton the most profitable crop
in the south.
This resulted in the region becoming known as the
“Cotton Kingdom”.
In the north, however it was another of Whitney’s
innovations that helped shaped the economy.
Whitney implemented the concept of interchangeable
parts. Instead of making muskets one at a time it could
now mass produced individual parts that could be used on
any muskets.
Economic Differences between
The North and South
Major differences arose between the different regions politically.
Southerners and westerners believed the federal government should restrict itself to powers
specifically stated in the Constitution.
Southerners did not trust northern politicians whom they believed were out to end slavery.
Many westerners resented eastern politicians and business leaders who they felt favored big
business over small independent landowners.
Northerners were more prone to support a strong central government.
Political Differences
Sparked by Sectionalism
The American system was a plan designed to
unite the nation and make it more economically
independent following the War of 1812.
It called for a tariff, internal improvements and a
strong national bank.
Clay underestimated the nation’s growing
sectionalism.
While many Northerners supported the plan,
Southerners tended to oppose it because they saw
the tariffs as benefitting northern businesses at the
expense of the southern farmer.
Meanwhile people in the West also felt that the
plan was designed to help eastern business at the
expense of other regions of the country.
Henry Clay’s American System
As more and more people moved west to settle, the cry for democracy increased.
The U.S. Constitution established the national government as a republic.
Only members of an elite ruling class tended to win election to high offices.
Only white men who owned property could vote.
Most westerners were small landowners and pioneers.
Some did not own enough property to qualify to vote.
These people did not trust eastern elites to protect their interests.
3.3 Democracy
Westerners and poorer Americans
eventually found their leader in Andrew
Jackson. Jackson was viewed as a
“common man”
He was not born into the rich upper class
but instead achieved his success despite
growing up poor.
As a result he was very popular with
western frontier settlers and common folk.
In 1824, he took advantage of his
popularity and ran for president.
Andrew Jackson
The presidential election of 1824 was
evidence of the sectional differences in the
U.S.
The election came down to John Quincy
Adams and Andrew Jackson and was so
close that the House of Representatives had
to decide a winner.
When Henry clay threw his support to
Adams it was enough to give Adams the
victory.
When Clay was named secretary of state,
Jackson and his supporters denounced it as
a “corrupt bargain”.
Four years later Jackson defeated Adams to
become the nation’s president.
A Corrupt Bargain
Jackson’s brand of politics came to be called
Jacksonian Democracy.
Jackson believed strongly in western expansion
and the rights of the white frontier.
Jackson favored universal suffrage. He believed
all white men should be free to vote, not just
those that owned property.
With the support of men like Jackson almost all
of the states dropped property requirements for
voting.
Expanding suffrage made the nation more
democratic.
Even Jackson did not attempt to extend the right
to vote to women, blacks, or Native Americans.
Universal (White Male) Suffrage
Once in office Jackson instituted a policy of rewarding
his political supporters with governmental positions.
This policy became known as the spoils system.
This led to corruption and a call for reform in later
administrations.
Jackson and his followers favored laissez-faire
economics. They believed the government should not
regulate business.
Jackson also had a strict interpretation of the
Constitution.
Jackson believed the president should have more
power than Congress.
He opposed policies that rewarded the rich or big
business. (cont.)
The “Spoils System” (Strict interpretation and Laissez-Faire Economics)
This conviction led to a huge battle between Jackson
and the Second-National Bank in 1832.
He saw it as a violation of the constitution.
His opponents favored the bank.
Jackson’s opponents thought the presidents opposition
to the banks would cost him the election.
They were wrong, Jackson won the election and the
bank lost its charter.
Now the money was placed in state banks and this
system worked poorly, and soon the nation faced an
economic crisis.
The “Spoils System” (Strict interpretation and Laissez-Faire Economics
Eventually, sharp differences between Jackson and
men like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C.
Calhoun led to a break in the Democratic-Republican
Party.
Jackson’s wing took the name Democrats.
His opponents adopted the name National Republics.
Eventually many of the National-Republicans formed a
new party, the Whigs.
They chose the name because it was the name of the
British Party that opposed King George III. During the
Revolutionary War.
They chose this for their dislike of the President. After
an “era of good feelings” the two-party returned to
national politics with a vengeance.
Return of the Two-Party System
A number of social reforms movements began during
the 1800’s.
These movements aimed to transform society in
beneficial ways.
Many who participated were inspired by religious
movements.
The Second Great awakening had many zealous
Christian preachers that traveled from revival to
revival. They called on believers to become socially
active and impact society through good works.
As a result religion motivated many to become social
reformers.
Others just simply wanted to improve the world they
live in.
3.4 Social Reforms
During the early 19th century, the temperance
movement began gaining popularity.
Members of this movement wanted to moderate the
use of alcohol.
Later they advocated total abstinence form alcohol and
convinced many states to pass laws prohibiting its sale.
The temperance movement owed much of its success
to the efforts of women and church leaders in the U.S.
Temperance
In the 1830’s, the abolitionist movement gained
momentum, despite being seen as a movement by fanatics.
As always slavery remained a hot topic in the nation.
The South found itself dependent on the practice for
economic support.
Meanwhile in the north, a movement to abolish slavery
was growing.
White members of this movement were mostly middle
class, educated, church people from New England (many
were Quakers).
Black abolitionists were mostly former slaves. Eventually
the movement gained support .
It gave birth to a a new political party and changed the
course of the nation.
The Abolitionist Movement
Women had participated in the
abolitionist and temperance movements,
only to face discrimination from the
men who they had served.
The offense the women suffered led to
the birth of the women’s rights
movement.
This movement eventually made
women’s suffrage (the right to vote) its
main cause.
Women’s Rights Movements