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Chapter 24 Industrialization & Imperialism

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Motives for Imperialism Social Darwinism- racist belief that the fittest will and should survive and conquer the weaker. If I can conquer you, I have the right to conquer you. Its the way of nature. 1. Nationalism 2. Economic Competition 3. Missionary work 4. Political Power 5. Racist White supremacist ideas

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5 MOTIVES. 1. ECONOMIC- make money, trade, raw materials, new markets, investments, export technology, etc. 2. POLITICAL- gain power, competition w/ other European nations, expand territory, military force, prestige, win colonies, nationalistic pride, security 3. RELIGIOUS- spread Christianity, protect missionaries, spread European values and beliefs, educate, end slave trade 4. EXPLORATORY- explore unknown, scientific research, medical searches, adventure, 5. IDEOLOGICAL- based on cultural values such as white supremacy, the idea that other cultures were primitive, that Europeans should civilize other nations, the strongest will survive (Social Darwinism)

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How Industry = Imperialism Industrialization from 1850 in Europe changed the nature of European overseas expansion to Imperialism Raw Materials- for MACHINES New markets- for trading mass produced goods Industrial technology- allowed further infiltration of foreign lands

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Two Cases: India and Java Comparison

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Example #1: Dutch Advance on Java Dutch established Batavia 1619 at first Dutch paid tribute to Mataram gained monopoly on spice trade 1670s Dutch began to intervene in wars of succession, using Dutch command of native soldiers Each war of succession led to more land ceded to Dutch 1750 Complete Dutch dictated kingdom

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Example #2: INDIA After the Mughal lost power, the East India Company basically took over This was a British Company Had their own army, lead by UK officers Sepoys- Indian soldiers who worked in the East India Companys military India became the Jewel in the Crown Most important British colony Supplied the raw materials for many British factories

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Sepoy Mutiny May 10, 1857, the sepoys (Indian soldiers in East India Co. military) rebelled An uprising in Northern India Took more than a year for the East India Company to regain control of the country Indians lost due to lack of unity Many princes stayed out of the fighting because they had alliances with the British Hindus vs. Muslims (Mughals) Sikhs were against the Mughals so they supported the British

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The Results of the Mutiny The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point The British tightened its control over India The Raj- the name given to the time of British rule in India (1757- 1947) Racist attitudes were increased as a result Distrust between Indians and the British increased

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Cultural Blending 18 th century, mixed relationships widely accepted 19 th century greater social division- mixed marriages lessened

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Social Reform in the Colonies: 3 Changes Until the early 19 th Century- Dutch and British encouraged caste division-no push for change. But India was the first conscious attempt to diffuse Western culture into a colony #1: 1770- Rampant corruption resulted in famine in Bengal restructured EIC cleaned courts limited Indian control in govt #2 Evangelical Christians moved to end slavery, reform India #3 Introduced Western education, English language, eradication Indian superstition, sati- influence of Ram Mohun Roy

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Impact of Colonialism Positive Effects for India Positive Effects for India 3 rd largest railroad built 3 rd largest railroad built Developed modern economy, united India Developed modern economy, united India Roads, telephone lines dams, bridges, irrigation Roads, telephone lines dams, bridges, irrigation Sanitation improved Sanitation improved Education improved Education improved British military kept peace British military kept peace Missionaries began to introduce Christianity to India. Missionaries began to introduce Christianity to India. Negative Effects for India Negative Effects for India British held most of the power British held most of the power Indian industry not allowed to compete with Britain (ran Indian textiles out of business) Indian industry not allowed to compete with Britain (ran Indian textiles out of business) Cash crops (ie cotton) instead of food production- famine Cash crops (ie cotton) instead of food production- famine Racist attitudes Racist attitudes

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Rivalry: Conflict and Compromise

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The SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

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Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Who was Dr. Livingstone? A minister from Scotland looking for source of the Nile Thought dead Henry Stanley found him in n1871 How Belgium took control of the Congo 1879- Stanley signed treaty with Congo Valley chiefs King Leopold II of Belgium gained control over lands He said he was trying to abolish slave trade. Forced labor (rubber trees), heavy taxes, other abuses- caused concern around the world Soon France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain were in a race to acquire African colonies.

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Colonial Wars & Apex of Imperialism economic competition rivalry over colonial holding by early 19 th century Array of new weaponry allowed push further into interior of Africa, Pacific Islands, China, Japan Peoples fiercely resisted with little success; guerilla resistance, sabotage, banditry best methods of resistance

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The Berlin Conference WHY AFRICA? At first Europe was looking for trade routes Copper, tin, gold, and diamonds in Africa attracted Europe Countries began to scramble for parts of Africa to control HOW COULD THEY AVOID A WAR OVER TERRITORY? THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 Was a meeting to set guidelines for the division of Africa No African leaders were present Africa was divided with no regard to African language or ethnic barriers Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

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Patterns of Dominance: Continuity & Change Industrialization created an unevenness of power- Europe vs Everyone else Tropical Dependencies: small group of Europeans dominated large populations of natives Settlement colonies: (A) White Dominion, large land, small population of empire (B) Both Dependent & Settlement with large white populations competed with large native population

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How Europe Administered the Colonies Exploited existing rivalries Divided into tribes Europeans used local leaders for local/mass bureaucracy or imported Indian Sepoys to maintain control

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Changing Social Relations Education was church based rise of Asian/African middle class increasing conflict between colonizer and colonies Increasing European population in colonies fed more division; wives and families of Europeans arrived Interracial marriage was disapproved of as a result of white racial supremacy and Social Darwinist theories: mental, moral superiority of whites over the rest of humankind

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Methods of Economic Control District officers policed, collected taxes Colonizers attempted to teach methods of agriculture tried to increase production, lower cost of purchase of goods Advantages of Industry (railroads, etc) were brought to colonies mostly in order to benefit Europe

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D. Settler Colonies in South Africa & Pacific Presence of large numbers of European settlers and indigenous populations altered the political/cultural dynamics from India Devastating demographic, geographic changes

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South Africa Cape Town established by Dutch; enslavement, syncretism between populations 19 th Century Britain competes for South Africa; annexed in 1815 1830s British interference sent Boers on Great Trek; 1850 established Boer Republics Boers Wars began with discovery of diamond, gold in Republics, with British victory System of Apartheid (racial segregation in S. Africa) allowed due to British guilt

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Other Regions

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Pacific Tragedies Colonization in the Pacific mirrored that of the Americas Indigenous populations vulnerable to diseases, corruption, led to disintegration, suffering a.New Zealand 1790s timber, whaling brought disease, alcoholism 1840s adapted farming, worked in mills, trade 1850s British claim islands to expand empire Maori fight, driven to exterior; adapt with education use of legal system

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Hawaii Hawaii not official colony until annexed by US in 1898 Captain Cooks voyages mixed results Early Hawaii leadership realized benefits of westernization: merchants, trade, missionary activity, extensive school systems Epidemic effects caused importation of Asian workers Weak leadership allowed US planters to manipulate political system for economic, military benefit