Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Causes of the Industrial RevolutionCauses of the Industrial RevolutionPopulation Growth – Columbian exchange, younger marriages, more kids The Agricultural Revolution – new foods, new methods, new tools (all equal more food)

Potatoes & Corn – more food per acre & feed for livestock

Enclosure – consolidated and enclosed, tenant farmers looking for work; move to cities More workers than there are jobs

Technology – increases efficiency, decreases need for human labor

Britain & Continental Europe Rise of Industrialization in Britain – put inventions into practice more quickly than others

British Advantages over EuropeFast flowing riversLarge amts iron ore and coal Natural harborsLarge merchant fleet and navy1789-1815 Revolutions & Wars (helped Britain to protect technologies)

*Brits pass laws forbidding anyone who manufactures and/or repairs textiles machines to leave country w/o permission

- Samuel Slater

Causes of the Industrial Revolution…Causes of the Industrial Revolution… continuedRise of Industrialization in Europe

Continental Europe attempts to follow Britain’s lead

Encouraged private investors (joint-stock companies)

Politics favorable to businessesMoney to be made off increased trade

Abundant coal & iron-ore throughout Europe

Impetus for industrialization:Cottage Industry - mass production through division of labor

(China – Song dynasty; iron prod – 11th century)

http://inventors.about.com/od/indrevolution/ss/Industrial_Revo_5.htm

Increase in the manufacture of iron (China – Song dynasty)1) Machines, tools, etc2) Steam Engine – more reliable consistent source of pwr

- no longer confined to being near river3) Electric telegraph

New machines & mechanization Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water frame, Mule, etcCotton gin – cotton prod and replaceable parts

Why so important?

Mass Production: Pottery – making identical items by breaking the process into simple tasks

Wedgwood PotteryIncrease in tea/coffee drinking – vessels that would not contaminate flavor

Josiah Wedgewood imitated China’s porcelain Becomes member of the Royal Society

Division of labor – increased productivity, lowered costsUsed a steam engine in his factory (purchased from two other members of Royal Society)

Mechanization: The Cotton Industry – application of machines to manufacturingWhitney’s Cotton GinWhitney’s Cotton Gin

Innovations in Cotton Manufacturing

Flying shuttle – greatly sped up weaving of threads to make textiles

Spinning Jenny – greatly sped up spinning of cotton threads (downside was

threads were soft and irregular; had to be used with linen – flax)

Richard Arkwright: Water Frame (initially powered by water) – stronger thread

Samuel Crompton: Mule – finer, more even thread

British textiles able to compete successfully with high quality textiles

(handmade) from India

Why were textiles a sure winner?

Luddites (1811-2) – backlash against technology (some serious machine bashing)

Inventions spurred on more mechanization

1) Increased manufacturer productivity

2) Lower prices for the consumer

Innovations in Iron MakingOften assoc w/Deforestation (expensive & restricted)

Darby’s coke – coal w/impurities removed = cheaper; albeit lower grade iron

Darby’s grandson built a bridge of iron

Crystal Palace – showcase greenhouse for 1851 Great Exhibition

The Steam Engine

The Newcomen and Watt EnginesNewcomen – used to pump H2O out of minesWatt improves on it with condenser & allowed

rotary motion

Steamboats and ships

US – a nation moved by steam (1st water, then land)

1838 – cross the Atlantic by steam

Railroads – cheaper, faster, opens up travel

1829 – Liverpool to Manchester – Rocket approx 30 mph

Railroads in America – opened up farm lands to markets

Could now transport large amt of prod over land

Railroads in Europe – satisfied need for transportation

Communication over wiresElectric Telegraph (1837)

Samuel Morse – transmitted on a single wire

Strung along railroads

Increased speed of communication

Impact of the early Industrial RevolutionImpact of the early Industrial RevolutionNew Industrial cities – towns grew too fast (urbanization)

sewage out the window, cheap/quick buildings, fire hazards, no bldg/safety codes

Rural EnvironmentsNorth America - nature as an obstacle to be conquered

Europe – population up, land scarce, woodlands denuded, national transportation networks

Industry & Slavery – sugar/coffee/cotton demand = more slaves

Working ConditionsUnskilled, repetitive, unsafe

Accidents frequent Phossy Jaw

Women & Children in IndustryInitially domestic servants or work @ homeWomen earned 1/3 to 2/3 less then menNo family life, stress on marriageNo time for childhood or schoolchildren 14-16 hours a day just like adults

Workers had no rights

No health/safety codes in factoriesNo overtime, vacation time, holidays, etc

(Typical work week 84-96 hr)(Typical work week 84-96 hr)

Owners could use whatever means they deemed necessary to motivate workers

Typically one 30-60 min break once a daySometimes paid in scrip

Changes in SocietyHandloom Weavers vs. Factory WorkersImprovements and setbacks

1792-1815 – price of food rose faster than wages1820’s – food prices fell, wages rose

1845-51 – Irish potato famine, min of ¼ died, ¼ left

(reliance on lumbar – over 90% of crop destroyed)

Irish eat potatos at every meal

- more emigrate to America than any other country

Worst famine in history (proportionally)English exploit famine

“Irish Holocaust”

The New Middle Class = beneficiaries, “nouveau riche”

Middle-Class Women and middle-class attitudes“Cult of domesticity” – a woman's place is in the home

Olympe de Gouges, The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (September 1791) http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/293/

1792 – Mary Wollstonecraft “Vindication of the Rights of Women” English, argues for the rights of women to an education and opportunities equal to a man’s.

1848 – Resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference to increase the rights of women.

When do all women finally get the right to vote in England and America (after what major event)?

http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WolVind.htmlVindication of the Rights of Women

New economic and political belief systemsNew economic and political belief systemsLaissez FaireAdam Smith

Wealth of Nations – government - stay out of business (Laissez Faire) those seeking personal gain will promote general welfare by providing products that

will benefit society.

Prices will be determined by “Invisible Hand” of the marketInvisible Hand - ?

Promoted free-market capitalism, believed in private ownership

Challenged mercantilism – (govt control)

Other thinkers Thomas Malthus – population will out grow ability of agriculture to feed

Believed war and famine were natural checks on population growthHumans should practice artificial population control (delay marriage,

abstinence, etc)

Jeremy Bentham – Utilitarianism (govt should look out for all citizens)Advocated for govt regulation of business and society

Fredrich List (German) – argued for tariffs; disagreed with Laissez Faire tradeFledgingly industrial societies could not compete with Britiain (Zollverein)(Zollverein)

Positivism – scientific method applied to society, three stages of societyBelieved Sci Method could solve social problems

Workers form communities under guidance of caring owners/businessmen Other unrealistic ideas included utopian socialism

Reform Bill 1832 – reforms to voting system; concentrated lessening corruption (most citizens were dissappointed with result – minimum income or property requirement still in place)

Sadler Commission – Commission to examine conditions during Ind Rev; focused mainly on issue of child labor

Factory Act of 1833 – limits to child labor & working hours A young person (13-18) no more than 12 hrs, and a child (9-13) no more than 9 hrs

Mines Act of 1842 – no women or children (under 10) underground

Corn Law tariffs repealed in 1846

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1833.htm

Workers Organizations – Chartism = universal male suffrage, secret ballots, pay for

representatives, and annual elections.

“Sun never set on the British Empire”

Egypt – Britain took steps to ensure a weak Egypt – effectively killing Egyptian industrialization

efforts (Suez Canal & Egyptian cotton)

India – “Jewel in the Crown” of the British empire – discouraged domestic industry

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/nemesis.htm

China – “Spheres of influence” – Western industrialized nations begin to divide China up

Letter to Queen Victoria

Sepoy Rebellion - Ethnocentrism

British supplant India as world’s leading producer of textiles

Opium Wars - Nemesis

Nemesis