The Early The Early Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1760-18511760-1851

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

An economic and social An economic and social transformationtransformation

Occurred in the 18Occurred in the 18thth century century The revolution brought innovations in

manufacturing, mining, transportation, and communications

Changes occurred in society and commerce

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

The industrializing countries (Britain, The industrializing countries (Britain, Western Europe) increased highly in Western Europe) increased highly in production & productivityproduction & productivity

It was a time where the rich had It was a time where the rich had power over the poorpower over the poor

Society ChangesSociety Changes

Deforestation was occurring more oftenDeforestation was occurring more often Cheap Labor :Cheap Labor :

– Child labor Child labor – Irish Men and WomenIrish Men and Women– American women American women

The workers were being put to work long The workers were being put to work long hours in dangerous factorieshours in dangerous factories

More began to demand for slaves once More began to demand for slaves once Child Labor Laws were passedChild Labor Laws were passed

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution occurred mainly because of:occurred mainly because of:

Population growthPopulation growth The agricultural revolutionThe agricultural revolution TradeTrade Britain and continental EuropeBritain and continental Europe

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

More reliable food sources More reliable food sources Earlier MarriageEarlier Marriage Higher BirthratesHigher Birthrates Better MedicineBetter Medicine Migration into the cityMigration into the city Widespread resistance to diseasesWidespread resistance to diseases

Population growth due to:

The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution

Only rich land owners afforded the Only rich land owners afforded the investment of new crops and new investment of new crops and new farming methodsfarming methods

The wealthy land owners enclosed The wealthy land owners enclosed their land to apply new scientific their land to apply new scientific farming methodsfarming methods

The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution

New forage and food crops (mostly New forage and food crops (mostly from the Americas) produced more from the Americas) produced more food per acre food per acre

Farmers raised more cattle, resulting Farmers raised more cattle, resulting in more milk and meatin more milk and meat

TradeTrade

Increasing demands in Europe for Increasing demands in Europe for goods resulted in increasing goods resulted in increasing productions through workshops and productions through workshops and the putting-out system the putting-out system

Once population growth occurred, Once population growth occurred, innovation, technology, and trade innovation, technology, and trade grewgrew

Britain and Continental Britain and Continental EuropeEurope

Eighteenth-century Britain had economic Eighteenth-century Britain had economic growth, population growth, people who growth, population growth, people who were willing to put new ideas into practice, were willing to put new ideas into practice, strong mining and metal industries, the strong mining and metal industries, the world’s largest merchant marine, and a world’s largest merchant marine, and a good water transportation system.good water transportation system.

European governments played a European governments played a significant role in fostering significant role in fostering industrialization. industrialization.

The Technological The Technological RevolutionRevolution

Mass Production: PotteryMass Production: Pottery

Pottery was imported or handmadePottery was imported or handmade Only the wealthy could afford the Only the wealthy could afford the

fine Chinese porcelainfine Chinese porcelain Produced for the courts and Produced for the courts and

aristocracyaristocracy

Mechanization: The cotton Mechanization: The cotton industryindustry

Cotton plant did not grow in EuropeCotton plant did not grow in Europe The cotton industry was the largest industry The cotton industry was the largest industry

in this periodin this period The beginning of 1760 resulted in the The beginning of 1760 resulted in the

spinning jenny(1764), the water frame spinning jenny(1764), the water frame (1769), and the mule (1785)(1769), and the mule (1785)

The increased supply of cotton thread and The increased supply of cotton thread and the demand for cotton cloth led to the the demand for cotton cloth led to the invention of power looms and other invention of power looms and other machinery and processes for cotton textile machinery and processes for cotton textile productionsproductions

Cotton became America’s most important Cotton became America’s most important cropcrop

The Iron IndustryThe Iron Industry

Iron production brought deforestation Iron production brought deforestation therefore the price for charcoal therefore the price for charcoal increasedincreased

Iron was a rare and valuable metal Iron was a rare and valuable metal outside of Chinaoutside of China

British began to produce lots of cheap British began to produce lots of cheap iron, this increased production and iron, this increased production and lowered the cost.lowered the cost.

Iron was used to build the Crystal PalaceIron was used to build the Crystal Palace

The Iron IndustryThe Iron Industry

““The American system of The American system of manufactures” was the use of manufactures” was the use of machinery to mass-produce machinery to mass-produce consumer goods with identical partsconsumer goods with identical parts

Interchangeable parts originated in Interchangeable parts originated in the eighteenth century but was the eighteenth century but was widely adopted in the nineteenth widely adopted in the nineteenth century century

The Steam EngineThe Steam Engine

The steam engine was the most The steam engine was the most revolutionary invention of the revolutionary invention of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

In 1769 James Watt improved the In 1769 James Watt improved the Newcomen engine and began to Newcomen engine and began to manufacture engines for sale to manufacture engines for sale to manufactures manufactures

In France and America the steam In France and America the steam engine was used to power riverboats engine was used to power riverboats

RailroadsRailroads

More powerful high-pressure steam More powerful high-pressure steam engines were used to power steam engines were used to power steam locomotives that replaced the horses locomotives that replaced the horses on horse-power railwayson horse-power railways

In the 1840’s and 1850’s railways In the 1840’s and 1850’s railways linked the United States together and linked the United States together and agricultural development was agricultural development was opened to the Midwestopened to the Midwest

Communication over WiresCommunication over Wires

  Two systems of telegraphs were Two systems of telegraphs were invented in 1837: Wheatestone and invented in 1837: Wheatestone and Cook’s five needle and Morse’s dots Cook’s five needle and Morse’s dots and dashes system.and dashes system.

    It was the beginning of a global It was the beginning of a global communication systemcommunication system

The New Industrial CitiesThe New Industrial Cities

Industrialism caused a rapid growth in Industrialism caused a rapid growth in towns & the development towns & the development ofmegalopolises like Greater Londonofmegalopolises like Greater London

  Population growth made urban Population growth made urban problems more serious because of problems more serious because of lackon necessities such as sewage lackon necessities such as sewage disposal.disposal.

  Municipal reforms began to help Municipal reforms began to help improve urban lifeimprove urban life

Rural EnvironmentsRural Environments

New transportation systems changed New transportation systems changed rural life by creating faster means of rural life by creating faster means of getting from place to placegetting from place to place

The smaller demand for agricultural The smaller demand for agricultural products led to an improvement in products led to an improvement in the English land.the English land.

Working conditionsWorking conditions The Industrial Revolution increased the The Industrial Revolution increased the

demand for cotton, sugar, and coffeedemand for cotton, sugar, and coffee New, highly paid opportunities for some New, highly paid opportunities for some

craftsmen, but mostly badly paid jobs for craftsmen, but mostly badly paid jobs for unskilled workersunskilled workers

  Women workers were mostly in textile Women workers were mostly in textile mills and earned less than menmills and earned less than men

  High rates of child labor because of High rates of child labor because of poverty and a preference for childworkerspoverty and a preference for childworkers

  In America, Industrialism offered good In America, Industrialism offered good wages and working conditions to women wages and working conditions to women early on, but later harsher conditions early on, but later harsher conditions became the standard.became the standard.

Laissez Faire and Its CriticsLaissez Faire and Its Critics  

Adam Smith was the most famous believer Adam Smith was the most famous believer in the laissez-faire doctrine. Thomas in the laissez-faire doctrine. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo thought that Malthus and David Ricardo thought that instead of government help, poverty and instead of government help, poverty and over-population should be fixed by delayed over-population should be fixed by delayed marriage and sexual restraint.marriage and sexual restraint.

  Laissez-faire: the government shouldn’t Laissez-faire: the government shouldn’t interfere in businessinterfere in business

Jeremy Bentham and Friedrich List believed Jeremy Bentham and Friedrich List believed that the government should manage the that the government should manage the economy and deal with social problems.economy and deal with social problems.

Positivists and Utopian Positivists and Utopian SocialistsSocialists

In France, the count of Saint-Simon In France, the count of Saint-Simon created positivism, which said that created positivism, which said that scientific method could also solve scientific method could also solve social problemssocial problems

  Charles Fourier and Robert Owen Charles Fourier and Robert Owen were utopian socialists, andimagined were utopian socialists, andimagined ideal worlds without capitalists and ideal worlds without capitalists and where there was prosperity for where there was prosperity for everyone.everyone.

  

Protests and ReformsProtests and Reforms

Workers initial responses to bad working Workers initial responses to bad working conditions was to change jobs, not report conditions was to change jobs, not report for work, do bad work, and participate in for work, do bad work, and participate in strikesstrikes

  Later, workers developed trade unions Later, workers developed trade unions and benevolent societiesand benevolent societies

  The British Government was persuaded to The British Government was persuaded to investigate the issues with industrialism investigate the issues with industrialism and passed new legislation: Factory Act of and passed new legislation: Factory Act of 1833, Mines Act of 1842, and Repeal of the 1833, Mines Act of 1842, and Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846Corn Laws in 1846

Key terms:Key terms:

Industrial Revolution: The time of a dramatic Industrial Revolution: The time of a dramatic increase in mining and manufacturing increase in mining and manufacturing

Josiah Wedgwood: He opened the first pottery Josiah Wedgwood: He opened the first pottery business in 1759, also he was an inventorbusiness in 1759, also he was an inventor

Agricultural revolution: a time of new food Agricultural revolution: a time of new food being accepted in Europe and the spread of being accepted in Europe and the spread of different kinds of food different kinds of food

Mass production: the process of making Mass production: the process of making identical items by breaking things down into identical items by breaking things down into simple tasks simple tasks

Key terms:Key terms:

Division of labor: Dividing parts of labor Division of labor: Dividing parts of labor into specialized tasksinto specialized tasks

Mechanization: the use of machines to do Mechanization: the use of machines to do work usually done by hand, increased the work usually done by hand, increased the amount of work made and lowered prices amount of work made and lowered prices

Richard Arkwright: an inventor who came Richard Arkwright: an inventor who came up with the spinning machine and the up with the spinning machine and the water framewater frame

Crystal palace: A large green house which Crystal palace: A large green house which housed huge treeshoused huge trees

Key terms:Key terms:

Steam engine: a train that ran on steam Steam engine: a train that ran on steam which increased the amount of which increased the amount of transportation of productstransportation of products

James Watt: designed the steam engine, James Watt: designed the steam engine, and was in the Lunar Society and was in the Lunar Society

Electric telegraph: made communication Electric telegraph: made communication over large distances easier and was over large distances easier and was introduced in 1837 introduced in 1837

Business cycles: the constant cycle of hard Business cycles: the constant cycle of hard economic times and booming times economic times and booming times

Key terms:Key terms:

Laissez faire: meant "Let them do" Laissez faire: meant "Let them do" Mercantilism: the idea that Mercantilism: the idea that

government should regulate trade in government should regulate trade in order to maximize the load of precious order to maximize the load of precious metalsmetals

Positivism: is the idea that everyone Positivism: is the idea that everyone should be protected under leaders should be protected under leaders

Utopian socialism: the idea of having Utopian socialism: the idea of having many people all working and living in many people all working and living in the same place of work the same place of work