Chapter 20

Chapter 20

Chapter 20

Japan – Section 1

– The United States could not trade with Japan because Japan blocked outside trade, and barred foreigners from entering and leaving the country.

– Commodore Matthew Perry’s mission was to open trade with Japan,

– Commodore Perry sailed warships into Tokyo Bay. The Japanese were awed by his powerful ships and menacing guns.

– As a result, the Japanese signed a treaty opening Japan for trade.

– The effect on Japan: they became an industrial nation.

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Alaska

• Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867.

• Saw it as a stepping stone for trade with Asia and

Pacific.• Many people called Alaska Seward’s Folly

because they thought it was a frozen wasteland.• They changed their tune when valuable

discoveries of gold led to the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes of 1897-1898.

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The Expansionist Mood

• In the late 1800’s, the idea of expansionism replaced isolationism.

• Historian Frederick Jackson Turner concluded that the American Frontier was gone.

• Europe’s policy of expansionism sparked America’s interest -

• American leaders thought if the United States did not act soon, it might be shut out of foreign markets and denied resources.

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Expansionism (cont.)

• Alfred T. Mahan said that future U.S. prosperity depended on building up trade and the key was a powerful navy.

• Many Americans believed they had a divine duty to spread Christian values and western civilization around the world.

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Gaining Footholds in the Pacific – Pacific Islands

• Samoa– Besides the United

States, Germany and Britain wanted possession of Samoa.

– After a typhoon prevented a war, Germany and the U.S. divided Samoa.

• Hawaii– In 1887, U.S. planters

forced the Hawaiian king to accept a new constitution.

– Queen Liliuokalani refused to recognize the constitution.

– On July 7, 1898, the U.S. Congress voted to make Hawaii a U.S. territory Hawaii was annexed.

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The Boxer Rebellion

• A secret Chinese society, called the Boxers tried to expel foreigners.

• Outside powers crushed the rebellion. To prevent other powers from seizing more Chinese territory, Secretary of State John Hay issued a second Open Door Policy to preserve trade and keep foreign nations from dividing China into separate pieces.

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Spanish-American War Causes & Effects

• Cubans rose up against Spanish rule in 1895

• Many Americans were sympathetic toward Cuba. Others wanted to safeguard American investments in Cuba.

• Spanish began a policy of reconcentration.

• Americans called for the U.S. government to intervene in Cuba.

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Causes

• Yellow journalists wrote sensational stories about Spanish cruelty.

• William Randolph Hearst focused on Cuba for his stories.

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• Americans blamed Spain for sinking the U.S. battleship USS Maine, killing 260 men.

• (Effect: Americans called for the United States to declare war on Spain.)

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•Spanish-American War Causes &

Effects

• Dewey’s warships sank the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay, Philippines.

• With help from Emilio Aguinaldo, Dewey seized Manila.

• Effect: The United States gained control of the Philippine Islands.

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Causes & Effects• Teddy Roosevelt and

his Rough Riders, along with 2 black regiments led charge up San Juan Hill.

• In a battle along the Cuban coast, U.S. ships destroyed the Spanish fleet.

• Later Spanish soldiers at Santiago surrendered.

• Spain surrendered Cuba two weeks later.

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Cause/Effect: End of War

• Spain and the United States signed a peace treaty.

Terms of Treaty:• Spain accepted Cuban

independence.• Spain granted Puerto

Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Wake Island to the United States.

• The United States paid $20 million.

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Causes & Effects

• The United States forced Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to its constitution.

• Limited Cuba’s abilities to make treaties or borrow money.

• Gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

• Allowed the United States to a base in Guantanamo Bay.

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Causes & Effects

The Foraker Act of 1900 was passed setting up a government in Puerto Rico.

• Filipino rebels renewed their fight for independence.

• Gave Puerto Ricans limited self-rule.

• After 3 years of fighting, Emilio Aguinaldo was captured and fighting came to an end.

• Puerto Rico is still a commonwealth of the U.S.

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The United States and Panama

• In 1902, the United States wanted to build a canal across Panama linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

• After helping Panama win its independence from Colombia, the United States and Panama signed a treaty that gave the United States permanent use and control of a 10-mile wide zone across the Isthmus of Panama.

• An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two large land masses.

• In return, the United States paid Panama $10 million plus $250,000 a year in rent.

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Map of Isthmus of Panama (isthmus), Panama

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• Construction of the Panama Canal began in 1904 and was completed in 1914.

• The biggest obstacle was disease - malaria and yellow fever. Over 6,000 workers died.

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Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy• Roosevelt wanted the world to know that the

United States would not hesitate to use force if diplomacy failed.

• In 1904, European nations considered military force in the Dominican Republic. Roosevelt wanted to prevent this. He announced a new policy that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

• This policy stated that the United States had the right to exercise an international police force to restore order in disputes between U.S. neighbors and foreign nations.

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Big Stick Diplomacy - political cartoon"the new diplomacy" is on Roosevelt's nightstickHe is depicted as a police officer exercising international police power

"Speak softly and carry a big stick, "Speak softly and carry a big stick,

you will go far"you will go far"

• Later, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would exercise "international police power" to get Latin American nations to honor their financial commitments. 

• Americans began to be concerned when British, German, and Italian gunboats blockaded Venezuela’s ports in 1902 because the Venezuelan government defaulted on its debts to foreign bondholders. European intervention in Latin America would undermine America's dominance in the region.

• As part of his annual address to Congress in 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt stated that in keeping with the Monroe Doctrine the United States was justified in exercising "international police power" to put an end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere. This came to be called the Roosevelt Corollary. Ironically, the Monroe Doctrine's purpose had been to prevent intervention in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. The Roosevelt Corollary sought to justify such intervention whenever the American government thought it was necessary.

• It wasn't long before the corollary was put into action. The Dominican Republic could not pay its debts and to protect American interests the United States took over the customs houses and established a customs receivership.

• Roosevelt was fond of the African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far." His foreign policy style has come to be called Big Stick diplomacy.

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Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

• Dollar diplomacy was based on the idea that economic ties were the best way to expand American influence.

• As a result, American bankers and business leaders invested heavily in Asia and Latin America.

• Dollar diplomacy led to U.S. military intervention in Nicaragua, Haiti, and Honduras.

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Chapter 20

Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policy

• Wilson believed that U.S. foreign policy should support and nurture democracy throughout the world.

• After Porfirio Diaz was overthrown, Wilson’s policy toward Mexico was one of “watchful waiting.”

• In 1914, Wilson intervened in Veracruz, Mexico and sent the Navy in after American soldiers were arrested in Tampico.

• In 1916, the United States was drawn into Mexican affairs again when Poncho Villa’s rebels raided and burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico.

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• The United States responded by sending soldiers into Mexico to pursue Villa.

– Troops led by General John J. Pershing, later withdrew.

– This episode poisoned relations with Mexico for years.

– Add to notes: Europe’s policy of expansionism sparked America’s interest in expanding because we were afraid we would be left out.

Test Review

Chapter 20