Chapter 2: Rise of the Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-Atlantic World 1400-

16251625

Section 1Focus Question:• What forces were transforming West Africa

before the advent of the Atlantic Slave Trade?• How did European monarchs use commerce and

religion to advance their nation’s fortunes?

Big Picture:• Market W. Africa & W. Europe• Rise in Euro pop & power shift• Social, political, & religious problems.

African & European Backgrounds WEST

AFRICA1. Empire of Mali

a.Trading- with the Middle East

b.Exports- Gold & slaves

2. Leaders & Kinship-tied clans together

3. Family Lifea.Children-workers and produced money

b.Farming-source of income, rotation

4. Religion-belief in the supernatural, reason for everythinga.Polytheistic-more than one god

African & European Backgrounds:

Europe1. Renaissance Era “Rebirth”

a. Europe’s race to be # 1b. Gender, wealth, and inherited positionc. Kingdoms married to create alliances and power

2. Society Structure & Feudalisma. Taxation from Catholic Church = 75% poorb. Deforestation, overpopulation, & starvationc. “Poor Laws”d. Nuclear families mirror feudalism

African & European Backgrounds:

Europe3. Business

a. “Just Price”• More traditional trading practice

b. “Joint Stock Companies”• Ex: VA Company or East India Company

c. Capitalism or “market economies”• New business idea: “Anything to make a profit”

African & European Backgrounds:

Religion1. 1200-1500 European Christian led

“crusades” on Muslims.2. 1400’s Spanish Catholics led the Spanish

Reconquest spreading Catholicism.3. Most of Europe was controlled by the

Catholic Church, including the King.• Strong beliefs led to fears of witchcraft• Followers paid “indulgences” to be

forgiven of sin

African & European Backgrounds:

Religion4. German Monk Martin Luther 1517

• Protested indulgences, church “corruption”• Began Protestant Reformation• 95 Theses

5. John Calvin & Calvinists• Predestination-God can only choose your fate, try

to avoid sin• Denied God gave priests special powers• Wanted the Bible to be translated from Latin

African & European Backgrounds:

Religious Upheavals6. Counter Reformation

• Council of Trent 1545-Ordered by Pope to change church structure, ignore Protestants

• Teresa of Avila & Ignatius Loyola (Jesuits)• England: Anglican France & Spain: Catholic

African & European Backgrounds:

Reformation in England 1533-16257. Church of England-created after King Henry

VIII requested divorce from Catherine of Aragon

• Head of church, land, $, and broke alliance with Spain.

• “Bloody Mary”-daughter killed Protestants• Elizabeth I-daughter allowed open religion• Calvinists: Puritans & Separatists• “No bishop, no king”

The Three G’s

Section 2Section 2

Focus Question• What role did Columbian exchange play in

the formation of the Atlantic world?

Big Picture:• Rulers search for new trade• Religious leaders seek to convert• Slave trade & colonization

Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600Portugal & the Atlantic 1400-1500Portugal & the Atlantic 1400-1500

1. Desire for wealth, power, & trade in Asia, Africa, & Americas

2. New technology & mapping• Arab sail, compass, cartographers

3. Prince Henry “the Navigator”• Paid sailors (Dias & de Gama) to sail around Africa

to make new trading ties for gold and slaves• de Gama made trade connections in India

Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600

New Slavery & Racism1. Slavery existed in Africa due to debt, prisoners of

war, or gifts.• Eventually became apart of masters family or released

2. Europeans exchanged items for slave labor• Trading slaves to other tribes for gold• Portuguese introduced guns which fueled wars

3. “New Slavery”-slaves use for labor vs servants• 12 million traded, dehumanized, began basis for

racism.

Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600

To American and Beyond, 1492-1522

1. 1492-Columbus & Spain exploration of the West Indies (Cuba/Hispaniola) led others to race for Asia.

2. Treaty of Tordesillas-Spain (N) & Portugal (S) would split future discoveries in the Americas, blocking others.

• England-John Cabot to Canada• France- Jacques Cartier to Nova Scotia• Italy-Amerigo Vespucci, “named” America• Spain-Ferdinand Magellan around S. America

Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600

To American and Beyond, 1492-1522

3. Spain • Used slave labor or local Tainos to mine gold• Established Puerto Rico (Ponce de Leon), Jamaica,

& Cuba• Converting Natives

4. Conquistadores• Cortez- “New Spain” or Mexico-Aztecs (25 mil killed)• Pizarro-Peru-Incas

Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600

Columbian Exchange1. Linked Europe, Africa, & Americas

• Diseases, food, & animals• Racial slavery • Colonization by Europeans

2. Small pox killed millions of Natives3. New crops destroyed the soil

• Sugar &tobacco4. Cultures combined

• Métis-Indian & Europeans• Mestizos-Indian & Spanish

Section 3

Focus Question• How did European relations with Native

Americans affect the success of early European colonizing efforts?

Big Picture:• Europeans moved to Mexico, Caribbean, &

Americas.• Colonization proved unrealistic• NA populations decreased

Footholds in North America 1512-1625

Spain1. Exploration of “New Mexico” or Mexico & Florida

• Ponce de Leon “La Florida”• Cabeza de Vaca—N. Mexico• de Soto—Florida to Appalachian• de Coronado—Mexico to Southwest

2. St. Augustine, FL—1565 1st Spanish fort• Used as missionary or “presidio”

3. Ecomiendas—giving Native slave labor to any Spaniard immigrating to the colony.

Footholds in North America 1512-1625

France1. Giovanni de Verranzano—1524

• Look for a Northwest Passage to Pacific• Carolinas to Newfoundland

2. Jacques Cartier—1536 • Newfoundland, Quebec, & Nova Scotia

3. Calvinist Huegonots—1562• Jacksonville, FL for religious freedom• Killed by Spanish

4. Fur trade & alliance with Huron & Algonquians.

5. Samuel de Champlain—1608• “New France” or Quebec

Footholds in North America 1512-1625

England

1. Christian England vs Catholic Spain & France• Elizabeth I funded attacks on Spanish ships (Drake)• Spain gave Catholic Ireland money to fight England

2. Main objectives: NW Passage & gold• 1570’s—failure in California & Canada• 1584—Attempt in Roanoke, Virginia with Sir Walter

Raleigh ended in “lost colony”

Footholds in North America 1512-1625

Virginia 1603-16251. 1604—Truce with Spain, handing over VA

• “Joint-stock” fund colonization• Maine to North Carolina

2. Jamestown, VA 1607—failure!• John Smith, military leader raided local Powhatans• NA hoped for alliance to avoid further conflicts• 1st Anglo-Powhatan War 1610

3. Tobacco—major cash crop• Need for indentured servants (4-7 years service)

4. By 1622—VA; no money, low population, & no alliances.

Footholds in North America 1512-Footholds in North America 1512-16251625

New EnglandNew England1. Thomas Weston, 1620 led 24 families on Mayflower to

Plymouth, MASS• Mostly Separatist Puritans who left England, went to

Netherlands

• Gather furs & lumber for 7 years = own land

2. Mayflower Compact

3. Alliance with Squanto & Samoset

4. “New Netherland” 1609• Settled along Hudson River, trading furs with Iroquois

• Established Manhattan

• Caused competition with French