THE RENAISSANCETHE RENAISSANCE

The Beginning The EndThe Beginning The End(1400 – 1550) (1625 – 1660)(1400 – 1550) (1625 – 1660)

The AcmeThe Acme(1559 – 1625)(1559 – 1625)

► ► The BeginningThe Beginning

- a revolution of thought:- a revolution of thought: ◦ ◦ artsarts ◦ ◦ lettersletters - an intellectual movement:- an intellectual movement: ◦ ◦ Western EuropeWestern Europe . Italy: Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio. Italy: Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio . Greek: Plato, Homer, Sophocles. Greek: Plato, Homer, Sophocles - the invention of printing (1450)- the invention of printing (1450) - the outbreak of the Reformation:- the outbreak of the Reformation: ◦ ◦ translationstranslations

- - the revival of Learningthe revival of Learning::

◦ ◦ essaysessays:: . Sir Thomas More (1478 – 1535):. Sir Thomas More (1478 – 1535): UtopiaUtopia (1516) the true prologue to the (1516) the true prologue to the

RenaissanceRenaissance

◦ ◦ poetrypoetry:: . Thomas Wyatt (1503 -1542):. Thomas Wyatt (1503 -1542): Petrarchan sonnets an octave + sestetPetrarchan sonnets an octave + sestet abba abba cdc dccabba abba cdc dcc . Henry Howard/Earl of Surrey (1517 – 1547):. Henry Howard/Earl of Surrey (1517 – 1547): English Sonnet three quatrains + a coupletEnglish Sonnet three quatrains + a couplet abab cdcd efef ggabab cdcd efef gg

◦ ◦ drama:drama: . Nicholas Udall Comedy. Nicholas Udall Comedy Ralph Roister DoisterRalph Roister Doister (1533) (1533)

. Thomas Norton Tragedy. Thomas Norton Tragedy GorboducGorboduc or or Ferrex and PorrexFerrex and Porrex (1562) (1562)

. Thomas Sackville (1536 – 1608). Thomas Sackville (1536 – 1608) The Mirror for MagistratesThe Mirror for Magistrates

The Acme of the Renaissance / The Acme of the Renaissance / the Elizabethan Agethe Elizabethan Age

▪ ▪ PoetryPoetry 1. Edmund Spenser (1552 – 1599)1. Edmund Spenser (1552 – 1599) - - Shepherd’s CalendarShepherd’s Calendar (1579) (1579) - - Fairie QueeneFairie Queene (1589 – 1596) (1589 – 1596) Spenserian stanza: 8 lines + 1Spenserian stanza: 8 lines + 1 iambic pentameteriambic pentameter ababbcbc + alexandrine cababbcbc + alexandrine c - - AmorettiAmoretti (1595) (1595) - - EpithalamionEpithalamion - - ProthalamionProthalamion

2. Sir Philip Sidney (1554 – 1586):2. Sir Philip Sidney (1554 – 1586): - - AstrophelAstrophel - Stella- Stella - Arcadia- Arcadia - Defence of Poesie - Defence of Poesie (an essay) (an essay)

3. Sir Walter Raleigh (1552 – 1618):3. Sir Walter Raleigh (1552 – 1618): - - The Discovery of the Empire of GuianaThe Discovery of the Empire of Guiana - History of yhe World- History of yhe World 4. Thomas Campion (1567 – 1620):4. Thomas Campion (1567 – 1620): - songs- songs 5. Michael Drayton (1563 -1631):5. Michael Drayton (1563 -1631): - songs- songs

DramaDramaPrecursors of Shakespeare:Precursors of Shakespeare:1.1. John Lily (1554 – 1606)John Lily (1554 – 1606) - - EuphuesEuphues - - EndymionEndymion (myth) (myth)2. George Peele (1558 – 1597)2. George Peele (1558 – 1597) - - David and BethsabeDavid and Bethsabe (old mistery) (old mistery)3. Robert Green (1560 – 1592)3. Robert Green (1560 – 1592) - - Friar Bacon and Friar Bangay Friar Bacon and Friar Bangay (love story)(love story) - - James IVJames IV (history) (history)4. Thomas Lodge (1558 – 1625)4. Thomas Lodge (1558 – 1625) - - A Looking Glass for London and EnglandA Looking Glass for London and England

(+Green)(+Green) - - Rosalinde Rosalinde (pastoral romance)(pastoral romance)

5. Thomas Nash (1567 – 1601):5. Thomas Nash (1567 – 1601): - - The Life of Jack WiltonThe Life of Jack Wilton (1594) (1594) picaresque novelpicaresque novel6. Thomas Dekker (1570 – 1632):6. Thomas Dekker (1570 – 1632): - - The Bachelor’s Banquet The Bachelor’s Banquet (tragic comedy)(tragic comedy)7. Thomas Kyd (1558 – 1594):7. Thomas Kyd (1558 – 1594): - - The Tragedy of Blood / The Tragedy of The Tragedy of Blood / The Tragedy of RRevenge evenge - Spanish Tragedy (a pro-Shakespearean - Spanish Tragedy (a pro-Shakespearean Hamlet)Hamlet)8. Christopher Marlowe (1564 – 1593):8. Christopher Marlowe (1564 – 1593): - Tamburlaine ( 1587)- Tamburlaine ( 1587) - Doctor Faustus (1588)- Doctor Faustus (1588) - The Jew of Malta (1590)- The Jew of Malta (1590) - Edward II (1591)- Edward II (1591)

WILLIAM SHAKESPEAREWILLIAM SHAKESPEARE(1564 – 1616)(1564 – 1616) Concerning the Form:Concerning the Form: - Blank verse- Blank verse - Heroic couplets- Heroic couplets

Concerning the Plot:Concerning the Plot: The idea and the subject of the story are taken fromThe idea and the subject of the story are taken from - the history- the history - novels (esp. Italy and France)- novels (esp. Italy and France) - romances- romances -daily life-daily life - heroes from England’s history- heroes from England’s history

Style of Writing:Style of Writing: - poetic drama- poetic drama - beauty, spontaneity and passion - beauty, spontaneity and passion to strictness of orderto strictness of order - formal and dignified language of - formal and dignified language of the classicsthe classics - followed the fashion of the time- followed the fashion of the time

Concerning the extent of work:Concerning the extent of work: - 37 plays:- 37 plays: 16 comedies16 comedies

10 tragedies10 tragedies11 historical11 historical

- 2 long narrative poems- 2 long narrative poems - 154 sonnets + other poems - 154 sonnets + other poems

Shakespeare’s PlaysShakespeare’s Plays the Brilliant Apprentice (26 – 30):the Brilliant Apprentice (26 – 30):

- 1590-1594: - 1590-1594:

Venus and Adonis (1593)Venus and Adonis (1593)

Lucrece (1594)Lucrece (1594)

King HenryKing Henry

Love Labour’s LostLove Labour’s Lost

The Comedy of Errors (1592-The Comedy of Errors (1592-

1594)1594)

Two Gentlemen of VeronaTwo Gentlemen of Verona

The Successful Craftsman (30 – 36)The Successful Craftsman (30 – 36) - 1594-1600:- 1594-1600: Midsummer Night’s DreamMidsummer Night’s Dream Much Ado about NothingMuch Ado about Nothing As You Like ItAs You Like It Twelfth NightTwelfth Night Merchant of VeniceMerchant of Venice Richard II (1596)Richard II (1596) Henry V (1598-99)Henry V (1598-99) Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet Julius Caesar (1598-99)Julius Caesar (1598-99) Taming of the Shrew (1594-97)Taming of the Shrew (1594-97) Marry Wives of Windsor (1597-1600)Marry Wives of Windsor (1597-1600)

The Accomplished Master (36 – 43)The Accomplished Master (36 – 43)

- 1600 - 1607:- 1600 - 1607:

Hamlet (1600-01)Hamlet (1600-01)

All’s Well that Ends Well (1600-All’s Well that Ends Well (1600-

04)04)

Troilus and Cressida (1601-03)Troilus and Cressida (1601-03)

Measure to Measure (1603-04)Measure to Measure (1603-04)

Othelo (1604-05)Othelo (1604-05)

King Lear (1605-06)King Lear (1605-06)

Macbeth (1605-06) Macbeth (1605-06)

The Ease of Genius (43 – 49)The Ease of Genius (43 – 49) - 1607 – 1613:- 1607 – 1613: Antony and Cleopatra (1607-Antony and Cleopatra (1607- 08)08) Timon of Athens (1608-10)Timon of Athens (1608-10) PericlesPericles CoriolanusCoriolanus CymbelineCymbeline The Winter’s Tale (1610-11)The Winter’s Tale (1610-11) The Tempest (1611-12)The Tempest (1611-12) Henry VIII (1612-13)Henry VIII (1612-13)

The Great Art of The Great Art of ShakespeareShakespeare The universality of his genius:The universality of his genius: tragediestragedies comediescomedies historical playshistorical plays narrative versenarrative verse sonnetssonnets His profound insight into the psychology of man, and his His profound insight into the psychology of man, and his

characters are the real men and women with complex characters are the real men and women with complex personalitypersonality

His characters are as a rule so well conceivedHis characters are as a rule so well conceived Enormous dramatic tension dramatic ironyEnormous dramatic tension dramatic irony The dialogue form highest perfection in a complete The dialogue form highest perfection in a complete

harmony of poetry and dramaharmony of poetry and drama

Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s ContemporariesContemporariesGeorge ChapmanGeorge Chapman (translator of Homer) (translator of Homer) - a pleasant wit- a pleasant wit - a sober manner- a sober manner - a graceful style of in comedies:- a graceful style of in comedies:1.1. Al Fooles (1605)Al Fooles (1605)2.2. Monsieur d’Olive (1606)Monsieur d’Olive (1606)3.3. The Gentleman Usher (1606)The Gentleman Usher (1606) - tragedies:- tragedies:1.1. Bussy d’Ambois (1598)Bussy d’Ambois (1598)2.2. The Revenge of Bussy d’Ambois (1613)The Revenge of Bussy d’Ambois (1613)3.3. Conspiracie and Tragedie of Charles (1608)Conspiracie and Tragedie of Charles (1608)4.4. Duke of Byron (1608)Duke of Byron (1608)5.5. Marshall of France (1608)Marshall of France (1608)

Ben JonsonBen Jonson (1573 – 1639) (1573 – 1639) - concept of Humor:- concept of Humor:1.1. Every Man in His Humor (1598)Every Man in His Humor (1598)2.2. Every Man out of His Humor (1599)Every Man out of His Humor (1599)3.3. Cynthia’s Revels (1601)Cynthia’s Revels (1601)4.4. Poetaster (1602)Poetaster (1602)5.5. Volpone, or the Fox Volpone, or the Fox 6.6. Epicaene, or the Silent Woman (1606)Epicaene, or the Silent Woman (1606)7.7. The Alchemist (1610)The Alchemist (1610)8.8. Bartholomew Fayre (1614)Bartholomew Fayre (1614) - tragedy:- tragedy:1.1. Sejanus (1603)Sejanus (1603)2.2. Catiline (1611)Catiline (1611)3.3. Julius Caesar (1599)Julius Caesar (1599)4.4. The Sad Shepherd (unfinished)The Sad Shepherd (unfinished)

John MarstonJohn Marston (1575 – 1634) (1575 – 1634) - melodrama:- melodrama:1.1. Antonio and Mellida (1600)Antonio and Mellida (1600)2.2. Antonio’s Revenge (1600)Antonio’s Revenge (1600) - a tragi-comedy- a tragi-comedy - a violent comedy: - a violent comedy: 1.1. The Malcontent (1601)The Malcontent (1601) - cynisism:- cynisism:1.1. The Dutch Courtezan (1605)The Dutch Courtezan (1605)2.2. The Honest Whore (with Dekker)The Honest Whore (with Dekker)3.3. Parasitaster, or the Fawne (1606)Parasitaster, or the Fawne (1606) - comedy of manner:- comedy of manner:1.1. Eastward Hoe Eastward Hoe

Thomas MiddletonThomas Middleton (1580 – 1627) (1580 – 1627) - comedies: - comedies: 1.1. Michaelmas Terme (1604)Michaelmas Terme (1604)2.2. A Trick to Catch The Old One (1606)A Trick to Catch The Old One (1606)3.3. A Mad WorldA Mad World4.4. My Masters, Your Five GallantsMy Masters, Your Five Gallants5.5. A chast MaydA chast Mayd

John FletcherJohn Fletcher (1579 – 1625): (1579 – 1625):1.1. Tragedie of Valentinian (1614)Tragedie of Valentinian (1614)2.2. The Tragedie of Bonduca (1614)The Tragedie of Bonduca (1614)3.3. The Loyal Subject (1618)The Loyal Subject (1618)4.4. The Humorous Lieutenant (1619)The Humorous Lieutenant (1619)5.5. Monsieur Thomas (1621)Monsieur Thomas (1621)6.6. The PilgrimThe Pilgrim7.7. The Wild-goose ChaseThe Wild-goose Chase

Philip MassingerPhilip Massinger (1583 – 1639) (1583 – 1639) - comedies:- comedies:1.1. A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1626)A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1626)2.2. The City Madam (1632)The City Madam (1632)3.3. The Guardian (1633)The Guardian (1633)4.4. The Fatall Dowry (1619)The Fatall Dowry (1619)5.5. The Duke of Millaine (1620)The Duke of Millaine (1620)6.6. The Unnatural Combat (1621)The Unnatural Combat (1621)7.7. The Maid of Honour (1626)The Maid of Honour (1626)8.8. The Bond-Man (1623)The Bond-Man (1623)9.9. The Renegado (1624)The Renegado (1624)10.10. The Roman Actor (1626)The Roman Actor (1626)11.11. The Picture (1629)The Picture (1629)

John FordJohn Ford (1586 – 1639): (1586 – 1639):1.1. Perkin WarbackPerkin Warback2.2. The Lover’s MelancholyThe Lover’s Melancholy3.3. ‘‘Tis Pity Shee’s a WhoreTis Pity Shee’s a Whore4.4. The Broken HeartThe Broken Heart

James ShirleyJames Shirley (1596 – 1666): (1596 – 1666):1.1. The Traytor (1631)The Traytor (1631)2.2. The Cardinall (1631)The Cardinall (1631)3.3. The WeddingThe Wedding4.4. ChangesChanges5.5. Hyde ParkHyde Park6.6. The GamesterThe Gamester7.7. The Lady of PleasureThe Lady of Pleasure8.8. The Young AdmirallThe Young Admirall9.9. The OpportunitieThe Opportunitie10.10. The ImpostureThe Imposture

METAPHYSICAL POETRYMETAPHYSICAL POETRY Characteristics:Characteristics: - metaphysical conceit- metaphysical conceit - obscure language- obscure language - metaphor- metaphor

Poets Poets 1.1. John DonneJohn Donne (1572 – 1631) (1572 – 1631) - Elegies, satyres, divine poems- Elegies, satyres, divine poems

2. 2. George HerbertGeorge Herbert (1593 – 1633) (1593 – 1633) - The Temple- The Temple - The Pulley- The Pulley

Andrew Marvell (1621 – 1678):Andrew Marvell (1621 – 1678):1.1. To His Coy MistressTo His Coy Mistress

Abraham Cowley (1618 – 1667):Abraham Cowley (1618 – 1667):1.1. Pindarique OdesPindarique Odes2.2. MiscellaniesMiscellanies3.3. Ode to the Royal SocietyOde to the Royal Society

John Milton (1608 – 1674)John Milton (1608 – 1674) - religious poem:- religious poem:1.1. Ode on the Morning of Christ’s NativityOde on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity2.2. L’AllegroL’Allegro3.3. Il PenserosoIl Penseroso4.4. ArcadesArcades5.5. Comus (1634)Comus (1634)6.6. Lycidas (1637)Lycidas (1637)7.7. Paradise Lost (1667)Paradise Lost (1667)8.8. Paradise Regained (1671)Paradise Regained (1671)9.9. Samson Agonistes (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671)

The Anglican PoetsThe Anglican Poets George Herbert (1593 – 1633)George Herbert (1593 – 1633)

Richard Crashaw (1612 –1649):Richard Crashaw (1612 –1649):1.1. Music’s DuelMusic’s Duel2.2. Wishes to a supposed MistressWishes to a supposed Mistress3.3. The WeeperThe Weeper4.4. The Flaming HeartThe Flaming Heart

Henry Vaughan (1622 – 1695)Henry Vaughan (1622 – 1695) - secular verses, myticism:- secular verses, myticism:1.1. ScintillansScintillans2.2. The RetreatThe Retreat

Francis Quarles (1592 – 1644):Francis Quarles (1592 – 1644):

1.1. Emblems (1635)Emblems (1635)

Andrew Marvell (1621 –1678)Andrew Marvell (1621 –1678) Abraham Cowley (1618 – 1667)Abraham Cowley (1618 – 1667)

Sir John Denham (1615 – 1669)Sir John Denham (1615 – 1669)

- descriptive, didactic poems:- descriptive, didactic poems:

1.1. Cooper’s Hill (1642)Cooper’s Hill (1642)

The Cavalier PoetsThe Cavalier Poets Sir John Suckling (1609 – 1642):Sir John Suckling (1609 – 1642):1.1. A Ballad upon a WeddingA Ballad upon a Wedding

Thomas Carew (1598 – 1639):Thomas Carew (1598 – 1639):1.1. Ask me no moreAsk me no more2.2. When Thou, poor ExcommunicateWhen Thou, poor Excommunicate3.3. Read in These Roses the Sad StoryRead in These Roses the Sad Story

Robert Herrick (1591 – 1674):Robert Herrick (1591 – 1674):1.1. Hesperides/Works both humane and divine (1648)Hesperides/Works both humane and divine (1648)2.2. The Hock-cart or Harvest HomeThe Hock-cart or Harvest Home3.3. Corinna’s going a-MayingCorinna’s going a-Maying

Richard Lovelace (1618 – 1658):Richard Lovelace (1618 – 1658):1.1. To Althea from PrisonTo Althea from Prison

The End of the The End of the RenaissanceRenaissance ProseProseSir Thomas Browne (1603 – 1682)Sir Thomas Browne (1603 – 1682) - a physician, theologian/preacher:- a physician, theologian/preacher:1.1. Pseudo-doxia Epidemica (1646)Pseudo-doxia Epidemica (1646)2.2. Religio Medici (1643)Religio Medici (1643)3.3. The Garden of CyrusThe Garden of Cyrus4.4. HydriotaphiaHydriotaphia

Jeremy Taylor (1613 – 1667)Jeremy Taylor (1613 – 1667) - Anglican prosaist, dreamer:- Anglican prosaist, dreamer:1.1. Liberty of Prophesying (1646)Liberty of Prophesying (1646)2.2. Holy Living (1650)Holy Living (1650)3.3. Holy Dying (1651)Holy Dying (1651)4.4. The Marriage Ring The Marriage Ring

Francis Bacon (1567 – 1626)Francis Bacon (1567 – 1626) - lawyer, statesman, philosopher:- lawyer, statesman, philosopher:1.1. EssaysEssays2.2. The Advancement of LearningThe Advancement of Learning

John Bunyan (1628 – 1688)John Bunyan (1628 – 1688) - a traveling thinker, Puritan preacher, allegorist (49 - a traveling thinker, Puritan preacher, allegorist (49

books):books):1.1. The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678)The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678)2.2. EverymanEveryman3.3. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680)The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680)4.4. Grace Abounding (1666)Grace Abounding (1666)5.5. The Holy War (1682)The Holy War (1682)

Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) - philosophy:- philosophy:1.1. Elements of Law, Natural and Politics (1640)Elements of Law, Natural and Politics (1640)2.2. Leviathan (1651)Leviathan (1651)

Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty (1611 – 1660)Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty (1611 – 1660)1.1. Church History of Britain (1655-6)Church History of Britain (1655-6)2.2. Holy and Profane State (1642)Holy and Profane State (1642)3.3. The History of the Worthies of England (1662)The History of the Worthies of England (1662)

Izaac Walton (1593 – 1683)Izaac Walton (1593 – 1683)1.1. The Compleat Angler (1653)The Compleat Angler (1653)

DramaDrama

- the decay of drama:- the decay of drama:

no drama producedno drama produced

closing of the theatresclosing of the theatres

-Drama was restored by John -Drama was restored by John

Dryden in the Restoration period Dryden in the Restoration period