Chapter 2Europeans Establish Colonies

1492-1752Page 32

Section 1Spain’s Empire in the Americas

• OBJ: Explain Spanish explorer achievements• Describe the Society of New Spain• Evaluate the causes and effects of Spanish

imperial policies

A. Religious Division

• Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation rocked Europe in 1400’s 1500’s

• Catholics and Protestants don’t get along• Brought many conflicts between Spain,

Portugal, France, England, and other countries• France and GB feared how powerful Spain was

becoming, began their own exploration.

B. Spain’s colonies

• Encomiendas??• Missionaries- went forward to convert the

natives• Presidios- Spanish forts set up near

missionaries for protection

C. Organization

• New Spain– Central and North American possessions

• Peru– South America possessions

• Ruled by viceroys

• Society organized in a caste system:– Pure Spanish, Mestizos, Africans and Indians

D. Spanish Explore North• Hernan De Soto- explored Florida and much of

the South West in 1539- died on the trip• Ponce de Leon- Fountain of youth• Coronado- searched for seven cities of gold– Made it all the way to Kansas and the mid west

• Spain settled Florida and Texas to protect its richer lands on the interior

• St. Augustine- oldest city in North America• Pedro Menendez de Aviles??

E. New Mexico

• Settled by Spanish with Capital at Santa Fe• Few Spanish would actually settle there• Out numbered by 40,000 Pueblo• 1680- Pueblo revolted and drove the Spanish

out of New Mexico led by POPE’• Pope’ would die and the Spanish would come

back

Section 2The French Empire

• OBJ: explain how the fur trade affected the French and Indians in NA

• Explain how and why Quebec was founded• Describe the French expansion into Louisiana

• Both Verrazano and Jacques Cartier explored parts of North America looking for a Northwest Passage

• The claimed land for France at mouth of St. Lawrence River

The Expanding French EmpireSection 1

• New France began in 1608 when Samuel Champlain founded Quebec which became the capital

• By 1658, only 2,000 settlers and mostly men• Montreal also a prospering French Settlement• In 1660’s French gov’t became concerned with

growing Dutch and English colonies• Started encouraging settlement• Population grows to 15,000 by 1700

Trading Empire

• Most French wanted to make money in fur trade

• Were not interested in permanent settlements or conquering the land

• Usually only stayed temporarily • Needed the Natives so developed great

relationships with native populations

• Voyageurs and couriers de bois- fur traders• Treated Natives with respect• Often lived in Indian villages• Too Native Wives• Missionaries also treated natives well• Did not force them to convert• Would align themselves with Huron against the

Iroquois who attacked their settlements

• Trade became very lucrative and France benefited from colonial trade

Reaching Ohio and Beyond

• La Salle would travel Ohio River claiming for France

• Thought it was the Northwest Passage• Traveled it to almost the Mississippi

La Salle reaches Gulf

• La Salle would go back in 1679• Set out with 23 Frenchmen and 31 Natives• Reached the gulf in 1682• Claimed the country of Louisiana in the name

of France• Included all of Mississippi and its tributaries

Mississippi Delta

• French would work to build forts up and down the Mississippi

• Several benefits to controlling the River• Would establish New Orleans• By 1745, about 3,200 Europeans and 2,000

African slaves lived in a thin line of settlement down the Mississippi

• However, Colony stayed small. Why?

Section 3England’s Southern Colonies

• OBJ: Describe how Jamestown was settled• Explain the relationship between the colonist

and the Natives• Discuss the settlement of Maryland and the

Carolina’s and Georgia

A. England’s Colonies

• England- overpopulation and a need of natural resources

• A Joint Stock Company received a charter from the king to colonize North America

• Roanoke was established in the 1580’s, but disappeared when English ships returned

B. Jamestown

• 1607: The Virginian Company would establish Jamestown on the Chesapeake bay

• 24,000 tribes in the area united by chief Powhatan

• Wanted to trade with the colonist, but also keep them contained

• John Smith would emerge as leader of Jamestown

C. Conflict• 1609- War would break out• Colonist were starving• John Smith saved colony by demanding “work

or don’t eat”• 1613, colonist captured Pocahontas. She

married John Rolfe and there was peace • Powhatan died in 1618• The colony would finally become successful

after Tobacco was grown and sold in England • People would start moving to Virginia,

especially to get free land

D. Start of Democracy

• House of Burgesses, set up in Virginia to rule. • First elected government body in NA

• Later two types of colonies• Royal• Proprietary

E. Effects of Expansion

• 1622, Opechancanough led a surprise attack on the colonists

• However, it was too late, they were to entrenched

• They killed 1/3 of the colonists, but colonists would decimate the natives in return

• 1644, one more war, native lose again • 41,000 English by 1640- going nowhere

F. Bacon’s rebellion

• Nathanial Bacon led revolt against Virginia leadership

• Too nice to natives• Favored the wealthy

• Burned down Jamestown, but Bacon died and rebellion stalled

• Showed gov’t couldn’t ignore the people

G. Other Colonies

• Maryland-1632 established by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for Catholics

• Carolinas- 1670- Established at capital of Charles Town. 1730’s Carolinas were split

• Georgia- Buffer between English and Spanish• James Oglethorpe was their leader. Haven for

English debtors. Also strict??

Section 4New England Colonies

• OBJ: discuss why Pilgrims left England• Summarize gov’t of Massachusetts Bay Colony• Explain why Rhode Island, Connecticut, and

New Hampshire were founded

A. Puritans

• Puritans wanted to “purify” church of England• John Calvin was their leader• Were persecuted in England and fled to the

New World• Called Pilgrims and crossed the Ocean in the

Mayflower• Agreed to follow laws in the Mayflower

Compact • Land at Plymouth Rock

B. Massachusetts Bay Colony

• 1630, John Winthrop let even more Puritans to America

• Tried to establish “city on a hill”• Boston established • Elected their own governor • Very strict

C. Dissenters

• Roger Williams- shouldn’t take land from Natives- fled to Rhode Island

• Anne Hutchinson- women should have rights- also fled to Rhode Island

• Rhode Island much more tolerant

D. Salem Witch Trials

• 1692’s, religious fervor led authorities to try, convict and execute 19 suspected witches

• Later, realized just how crazy they were

E. Conflict

• Puritans didn’t like Natives• Pequot war- Conflict led to complete war.

Colonist killed 700 mostly women and children in village.

• Native allies shocked by carnage• Pequot nearly wiped out• Forced many natives into Praying towns

• King Philip War- 1675, Metacom known as King Philip to the colonists led rebellion

• Destroyed 12 towns and ravaged country side• Metacom would die, and the colonist would

wipe out and take the Natives remaining land • By 1700, 90,000 colonist outnumbered the

only 9,000 remaining Natives

Section 5Middle Colonies

• OBJ: Explain how Dutch lost New York to English

• Describe William Penn’s relationship with Natives in Pennsylvania

• Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania Colony to other colonies

A. Dutch New Netherland

• Dutch settled on Hudson River• Formed city of New Amsterdam• Were tolerant of many groups• 1660 only 5,000 residents• Life was good in Netherland’s- no reason to

lead

B. New Sweden

• On Delaware River: Fort Christian• Farming and trading furs• 500 colonists: Very small

• Dutch took over in 1655

C. English Conquest

• Dutch and English became rivals in World Trade

• 1664: English forced Dutch to surrender• Duke of York put in Charge• Renamed New York

• South of Hudson he established New Jersey

D. Pennsylvania

• Established by William Penn• Was a Quaker- • Treated Natives fairly• Welcomed all faiths• Philadelphia was the capital

E. Diversity

• Middle colonies were the most diverse• Had aspects of Southern and Northern• Immigrants from all over Europe settled in

area.