Hernando Cortés and Montezuma II. Engraving (19th century), Gallo Gallina.

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European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700

Europeans explored and colonized the Americas and had a major impact on Native Americans. Slavery developed in the colonies.

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Spain Claims an Empire

European Competition in North America

The Spanish and Native Americans

Beginnings of Slavery in Americas

European Explorationof the Americas, 1492–1700

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Section 1

Spain Claims an Empire

Spain claimed a large empire in the Americas.

Spain and Portugal Compete

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Spain Claims an Empire

• Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal (1494):- moves Line of Demarcation 800 miles west- gives Portugal much of eastern South

America

1SECTION

• Get rich by mercantilism—setup of favorable balance of trade

• Europeans also explore to become rich and expand their empires

• European missionaries convert Native Americans to Christianity

Europeans Explore Foreign Lands

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1SECTION

• Amerigo Vespucci sets out to find sea route to Asia (1501)

• Ferdinand Magellan sails west around South America to Asia; he dies

• Explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean (1513)

• He realizes that Americas are not Asia; America named after him

• Magellan’s crew returns; first people to sail around world (1519—1522)

Image

The Invasion of Mexico

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1SECTION

• Conquistadors—soldiers; explore Americas, claim for Spain

• Cortés defeats Montezuma, Aztecs; takes over region for Spain

• Aztec leader Montezuma at first welcomes, then opposes Cortés

• Conquistador Hernando Cortés and men land in Central America (1519)

Image

The Conquest of the Incan Empire

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1SECTION

• Inca have powerful empire along western coast of South America

• Conquistador Francisco Pizarro and men conquer Incas (1531)

Reasons for Spanish Victories

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• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans; weakens resistance

• Conquistadors treat Native Americans brutally

• Spanish form alliances with Native American enemies of Aztecs and Incas

• Spanish are excellent soldiers, sailors; have superior weapons

Other Spanish Explorers

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1SECTION

• 3 Spanish expeditions set out to find cities of gold (1539—1542):- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado travels

through Arizona, New Mexico - Hernando de Soto explores southeast North

America - Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sails up California

coast• All 3 expeditions fail to find cities of gold

Image

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Other European countries competed with Spain for control over territory in the Americas.

Section 2

European Competition in North America

The Search for the Northwest Passage

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2SECTION

• Northwest Passage—theoretical water route through North America to Asia

• Giovanni da Verrazzano searches for French along Atlantic coast (1524)

• John Cabot searches for English (1497); 2nd voyage never returns

• Henry Hudson searches for passage for Dutch, English

• Jacques Cartier searches for French up St. Lawrence River (1534—1536)

European Competition in North America

• None of the expeditions successful in finding Northwest Passage

Spain Responds to Competition

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2SECTION

• Spain angry about English and French claims in North America

• Nearby, Spanish troops build St. Augustine fort

• French Protestants found colony in Florida (1564)

• Religious tension among Spain, England, France

• Spanish troops destroy Protestant colony, massacre French

Image

Spain and England Clash

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2SECTION

• Catholic Spain wants England’s Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, dethroned

• During voyage, he plunders Spanish galleons, gets treasures for England

• Englishman Sir Francis Drake travels around world

• England challenges Spain’s sea power

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

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2SECTION

• Philip II of Spain sends Spanish Armada to conquer England

• England does not finance colonization; its private citizens must

• English victory has two major effects:- England remains independent and

Protestant - Spain’s image suffers; other nations

challenge Spain

• Using smaller, faster ships, English fleet defeats Spanish Armada (1588)

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The French and Dutch Seek Trade

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2SECTION

• Frenchman Samuel de Champlain explores St. Lawrence River

• Dutch start colony of New Netherland along Hudson River

• Rich fur trade develops; colony of New France thrives

• In Quebec, Champlain founds first permanent French settlement (1608)

• Dutch buy Manhattan Island (1626), start town of New Amsterdam

Map

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Spanish rule in the Americas had terrible consequences for Native Americans.

Section 3

The Spanish and Native Americans

Spanish Colonies in the Americas

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• By 1700, Spain controls much of the Americas

• Build new roads; transports soldiers, goods more efficiently

• Each province called viceroyalty; top official—viceroy

• Divides American empire into two provinces, New Spain and Peru

The Spanish and Native Americans

Life in Spanish America

3SECTION

• Spanish colonists receive encomiendas—grants of Native American labor

• Spanish rulers create haciendas—large estates; produce food for colony

Image

Continued . . .NEXT

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3SECTION

• Spanish colonial society has four levels

• Mestizos are third level, mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

• Creoles are second level, Spanish descent born in colonies

• Spanish-born colonists are top level; hold the most power

• Native Americans, enslaved Africans lowest layer; have least power

continued Life in Spanish America

The Role of the Church

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• Missions—Spanish settlements in Americas; church, town, farmlands

• Some missionaries treat Native Americans as slaves

• Missionaries provide food, protection, education for Native Americans

• Missions’ goal is to convert Native Americans to Christianity

• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish, but is defeated

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Sugar Plantations Develop

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• Plantations—large farms that grow cash crops; export crops to Europe

• Using encomiendas Spaniards force Taino to labor, who suffer, die

• Many plantations grow sugar

The Abuse of Native Americans

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3SECTION

• Most Spaniards treat Native Americans as beasts of burden

• Because of his efforts, Spanish king issues New Laws in 1542

• For 50 years, he fights against the abuse of Native Americans

• Catholic priest Bartolomé de Las Casas gives up his encomienda

• These laws order freeing of enslaved Native Americans

• But king eventually reverses many of these laws

The Columbian Exchange

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3SECTION

• Columbian Exchange—transfer of living things between hemispheres

• Potatoes, corn move to Eastern Hemisphere; help feed population

• Horses, cattle, wheat, onions, grapes move to Western Hemisphere

• Includes transfer of germs that kill millions of Native Americans

• People move from one hemisphere to other; cultures blend

Chart

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Slavery in the Americas began in order to provide cheap labor for the colonies.

Section 4

Beginnings of Slavery in Americas

The Origins of American Slavery

4SECTION

• Slavery—holding a person in bondage for labor

• In some societies slaves own property and their children are freed

Beginnings of Slavery in Americas

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

4SECTION

• Sugar plantations change slavery

• Turn to using enslaved Africans because they:- are immune from most diseases - provide cheap labor - have experience farming - have no allies to help them in the Americas

• First use enslaved Native Americans; many die from disease, overwork

continued The Origins of American Slavery

The Slave Trade

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4SECTION

• In 1509, Spanish king sends 50 African slaves to Hispaniola

• West African kingdoms on coast gather captives from inland

• European slave traders ship Africans to Americas

• Starts slave trade in Americas; soon colonies depend on slave labor

• These kingdoms then trade captives for goods, become rich

• Inland African societies weaken

The Middle Passage

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4SECTION

• African Diaspora—forced removal of people from Africa

• About 2 million of these die during voyage called the middle passage

• Overall, about 12 million enslaved Africans are shipped to Americas

• Slave trade lasts until the late 1800s

• On the ships, enslaved Africans face horrible conditions and disease

Slavery in the Americas

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4SECTION

• Most enslaved Africans are forced laborers in haciendas, mines

• Leads to racism—belief that some people inferior because of their race

• Europeans connect slavery with black Africans, dark skin with inferiority

• Many slaves rebel; laws to prevent rebellion, punish slaves—slave codes

• Enslaved Africans bring their knowledge and culture to Americas

• Crops such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilies go to Africa

Image

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