Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

I I Concepts of matter and energyConcepts of matter and energyA. Matter: Anything that occupies spaceA. Matter: Anything that occupies space

1. There are three states of matter, all of 1. There are three states of matter, all of which are present which are present in your body: in your body:

a. Solid: tissues, cells, organsa. Solid: tissues, cells, organs b. Liquid: blood plasma and b. Liquid: blood plasma and

interstitial fluid (surrounds interstitial fluid (surrounds all cells)all cells) c. Gas: Air you breath, gases c. Gas: Air you breath, gases

produced in large produced in large intestineintestineB. Energy: Ability to do work or put matter into B. Energy: Ability to do work or put matter into motionmotion

1. Two forms:1. Two forms: a. Kinetic: energy is actually doing a. Kinetic: energy is actually doing

work (moving work (moving matter, using matter, using muscles to lift and object)muscles to lift and object)

b. Potential: Stored or inactive b. Potential: Stored or inactive energy (like in an ATP energy (like in an ATP bond)bond)

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

II2. Types of energy:

a. Chemical energy: Stored in bonds, such as in high energy foods (complex carbohydrates); energy is released when bond is broken.b. Electrical energy: Movement of charged particles, such as the sodium/potassium pump used for nerve impulses.c.Mechanical energy: Directly moves matter, such as muscles moving a load.d.Radiant energy: Traveling in waves, such as the light energy

that stimulates the retina in the back of your eye.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

3. First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be 3. First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it only changes neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form. form.

a.a. Example from your body: ATP bond is broken Example from your body: ATP bond is broken to release energy → which powers the muscle to release energy → which powers the muscle to contract→ some of the energy is lost has to contract→ some of the energy is lost has heat (unusable) →you sweat (giving off excess heat (unusable) →you sweat (giving off excess heat) as you exercise.heat) as you exercise.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

IIII Composition of matter and therefore YOU!Composition of matter and therefore YOU!A. All matter is made up of elements that cannot be A. All matter is made up of elements that cannot be broken down into smaller particles by ordinary broken down into smaller particles by ordinary means.means. B. B. The building block of an element is the atomThe building block of an element is the atom

Composition of the atom: Composition of the atom:

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

C. Two or more atoms combined chemically are called a C. Two or more atoms combined chemically are called a molecule. If the atoms are of different elements, molecule. If the atoms are of different elements, the term is a compound.the term is a compound.1. 1. Types of bonds that create molecules and Types of bonds that create molecules and

compounds (filling that outer shell)compounds (filling that outer shell)a. Ionic: Electrons are transferred from one atom a. Ionic: Electrons are transferred from one atom

to another atom; this creates ions (charged to another atom; this creates ions (charged atom) which are then attracted to each other. atom) which are then attracted to each other. Compounds usually form salts.Compounds usually form salts.

b. Covalent: Electrons are shared between the b. Covalent: Electrons are shared between the atoms.atoms.

1. Equally shared electrons orbiting 1. Equally shared electrons orbiting compound = compound = Nonpolar molecule (ex. methane, Nonpolar molecule (ex. methane, Carbon dioxide)Carbon dioxide)

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

2. Unequally shared electrons orbiting compound = 2. Unequally shared electrons orbiting compound = Polar molecule (ex. water)Polar molecule (ex. water)

3. Hydrogen bond: Weak bond between hydrogen 3. Hydrogen bond: Weak bond between hydrogen (covalently bonded to large atom) and another large (covalently bonded to large atom) and another large electron hungry atom of another molecule. electron hungry atom of another molecule. Common between water molecules. Also can help Common between water molecules. Also can help stabilize large molecules (such as proteins). stabilize large molecules (such as proteins).

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

D. Patterns of chemical reactions (making and breaking D. Patterns of chemical reactions (making and breaking bonds)bonds)1. Synthesis Reactions: Combining smaller 1. Synthesis Reactions: Combining smaller

molecules to make larger more complex molecules to make larger more complex molecules. Ex. building proteinsmolecules. Ex. building proteins

2. Decomposition Reactions: Breaking down larger 2. Decomposition Reactions: Breaking down larger molecules into smaller components. Ex. digestion molecules into smaller components. Ex. digestion of food or breaking down toxins/drugsof food or breaking down toxins/drugs

In the cartoon, the skinny bird (reactant) and the worm (reactant) combine to make one product, a fat bird.

A            +             B                 ---->                 ABSynthesis Reaction

AB       ---->      A       +      BDecomposition Rection

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

III. Inorganic CompoundIII. Inorganic CompoundA. Special Properties of water: Why your 8 glasses a A. Special Properties of water: Why your 8 glasses a

day are day are NecessaryNecessary1. High heat capacity: Water can absorb and release 1. High heat capacity: Water can absorb and release

large large amounts of heat without having a drastic effect on the amounts of heat without having a drastic effect on the temperature of the water. temperature of the water. Ex. You can play sports on a hot day and your body Ex. You can play sports on a hot day and your body

temperature remains relatively constant by heat temperature remains relatively constant by heat

loss through your sweat. loss through your sweat. 2. Polar Molecule → Solvent Properties (dissolves salts, 2. Polar Molecule → Solvent Properties (dissolves salts,

ions, ions, nutrients, gases, acids and bases)nutrients, gases, acids and bases)

a. Important for chemical reactions to occur in the a. Important for chemical reactions to occur in the body, rxn. will not occur unless chemicals are body, rxn. will not occur unless chemicals are dissolved (in water); also important for transport dissolved (in water); also important for transport (blood plasma)(blood plasma)

b. Important for movement/lubrication/decrease b. Important for movement/lubrication/decrease frictionfriction

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

3. Chemical Reactivity: Important reactant in 3. Chemical Reactivity: Important reactant in metabolic processes such as digestion.metabolic processes such as digestion.4. Cushioning: Important with CSF (cerebral-spinal 4. Cushioning: Important with CSF (cerebral-spinal fluid) for cushioning brain and with amniotic fluid to fluid) for cushioning brain and with amniotic fluid to protect fetus.protect fetus.

B. Salts & Acids and Bases: Electrolytes (dissociate and B. Salts & Acids and Bases: Electrolytes (dissociate and ionize in water)ionize in water)

a. Salts: Compounds formed from ionic bonding. a. Salts: Compounds formed from ionic bonding. Important for metabolic processes such as Important for metabolic processes such as

sodium/potassium pump for conducting nerve sodium/potassium pump for conducting nerve impulses; transport of oxygen by hemoglobin impulses; transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in red blood cells. in red blood cells.

Sodium/ Potassium PumpSodium/ Potassium Pumpb. Acid (proton donor) and Base (proton acceptor) b. Acid (proton donor) and Base (proton acceptor)

Acid- substance that releases H+ ions (1-6.9 pH Acid- substance that releases H+ ions (1-6.9 pH scale)scale)Base- substance that release OH- ions (7.1-14)Base- substance that release OH- ions (7.1-14)

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and Applications

i. Balance in the body is important for proper i. Balance in the body is important for proper functioning. pHfunctioning. pH

differs in different places in the body. Ex. blood 7.4 differs in different places in the body. Ex. blood 7.4 (neutral) to (neutral) to

pH 2 (gastric juices)pH 2 (gastric juices)ii. Buffers are present in the body to help maintain the ii. Buffers are present in the body to help maintain the

proper pHproper pHlevel. Buffers are weak acids and bases.level. Buffers are weak acids and bases.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsIVIV Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsA. CarbohydratesA. Carbohydrates

1. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 1. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratioratio2. Classified based on size:2. Classified based on size:

a. Monosaccharides: 1 sugar a. Monosaccharides: 1 sugar (smallest unit); ex. (smallest unit); ex. Glucose (blood sugar), Glucose (blood sugar), fructose, galactose, ribose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribosedeoxyribose

b. Disaccharides: double sugars; b. Disaccharides: double sugars; ex. sucrose ex. sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (found in (cane sugar), lactose (found in dairy), and maltose dairy), and maltose (malt sugar)(malt sugar)

c. Polysaccharides: many sugars c. Polysaccharides: many sugars (larges); insoluble (larges); insoluble (used for storage) and lack (used for storage) and lack sweetness. Ex.Glycogensweetness. Ex.Glycogen

3. Main function: cellular energy (glucose is oxidized 3. Main function: cellular energy (glucose is oxidized and and

energy released is stored in ATP. If not used energy released is stored in ATP. If not used immediately, immediately,

will be stored as glycogen or fat.will be stored as glycogen or fat.4. Secondary function: Structural components of cells 4. Secondary function: Structural components of cells

(1% to (1% to 2% of cells), surface proteins on membrane, 2% of cells), surface proteins on membrane,

component of component of DNA and RNA.DNA and RNA.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsIVIV Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsB. LipidsB. Lipids

1. Contain: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (no set 1. Contain: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (no set ratio)ratio)2. Are non-polar compounds so they do not dissolve 2. Are non-polar compounds so they do not dissolve in waterin water3. 3 categories of lipids:3. 3 categories of lipids:

a. Neutral Fats: triglyceridesa. Neutral Fats: triglyceridesi. solid- saturated fats - animal i. solid- saturated fats - animal

fatfatii. liquid – unsaturated – plant ii. liquid – unsaturated – plant

oilsoilsiii. Bodies most abundant source iii. Bodies most abundant source

of usable of usable energy as well as shock absorber energy as well as shock absorber and and insulation.insulation.

b. Phospholipid: Similar to triglycerides b. Phospholipid: Similar to triglycerides with a with a

phosphorous containing group. phosphorous containing group. Molecule has a Molecule has a charged region for interacting charged region for interacting with water and ions and with water and ions and a fatty acid end a fatty acid end (hydrophobic). Very important for (hydrophobic). Very important for selective selective permeability of plasma membrane. permeability of plasma membrane.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsIVIV Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

c. Steroids: Have a ring structure and are fat c. Steroids: Have a ring structure and are fat soluble. Ex. soluble. Ex. cholesterol found in cell membranes, used to cholesterol found in cell membranes, used to form form vitamin D and some hormones.vitamin D and some hormones.

C. ProteinsC. ProteinsA. Accounts for 50% of your organic matter, A. Accounts for 50% of your organic matter,

made from amino acids. Composed of carbon, made from amino acids. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

B. Function and structure of a protein is linked to B. Function and structure of a protein is linked to the sequence of amino acids (controlled by the sequence of amino acids (controlled by genes). If the order of amino acids changes genes). If the order of amino acids changes the structure and function of that protein will the structure and function of that protein will be altered. Ex. like our language, floor → be altered. Ex. like our language, floor → flourflour

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsIVIV Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

c. c. Two structural types:Two structural types:i. Fibrous (structural) proteins. Important for i. Fibrous (structural) proteins. Important for

binding structures and providing strength in binding structures and providing strength in body tissues. Ex. collagen (tendons, cartilage body tissues. Ex. collagen (tendons, cartilage and skin) and actin and myosin (make up and skin) and actin and myosin (make up muscles)muscles)

ii. Globular (mobile/functional) proteins. Involved ii. Globular (mobile/functional) proteins. Involved in most body in most body processes. Ex. antibodies (fight processes. Ex. antibodies (fight disease), hormones (long disease), hormones (long term regulation), term regulation), transport proteins (hemoglobin) and transport proteins (hemoglobin) and enzymes enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions). (catalyze chemical reactions).

D. Destruction of proteins/Denaturing ProteinsD. Destruction of proteins/Denaturing Proteinsi. Fibrous proteins are very stable (not many i. Fibrous proteins are very stable (not many

hydrogen bonds holding together an intricate hydrogen bonds holding together an intricate structure). Globular proteins have many structure). Globular proteins have many hydrogen bonds and are very fragilehydrogen bonds and are very fragile

ii. Factors that denature (break hydrogen bonds) ii. Factors that denature (break hydrogen bonds) proteins alter the active site that reacts with proteins alter the active site that reacts with the substrate. Factors include increased the substrate. Factors include increased temperature, pH and/or salinity. Ex. why a high temperature, pH and/or salinity. Ex. why a high fever is not healthy.fever is not healthy.

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsD. Nucleic AcidsD. Nucleic Acids

a. Composed of nucleotides (phosphate group, a. Composed of nucleotides (phosphate group, sugar and nitrogen base).sugar and nitrogen base).

b. Two types:b. Two types:i. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-compose your i. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-compose your

genes which are responsible for the basic genes which are responsible for the basic organism blueprint as well as growth and organism blueprint as well as growth and development. All done by dictating development. All done by dictating protein structure!!protein structure!!

ii. RNA (ribonucleic acid)-carries out the ii. RNA (ribonucleic acid)-carries out the orders of DNA genes helping with orders of DNA genes helping with transcription and translation of gene transcription and translation of gene information into proteinsinformation into proteins..

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsChapter 2: Basic Chemistry and ApplicationsE. One more important molecule – ATP (adenosine E. One more important molecule – ATP (adenosine

triphosphate)triphosphate)Molecule that stores chemical energy used by all your Molecule that stores chemical energy used by all your

body cells. Energy is stored in the high energy body cells. Energy is stored in the high energy third phosphate bond. third phosphate bond.