chemistry: composition of matter. matter anything that occupies space and mass mass: amount of...
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Chemistry:Chemistry:Composition of Matter
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Matter • Anything that occupies space and mass
• Mass: amount of matter in an object
• Mass ≠ Weight
• Chemical changes are essential to all life
• Non-living substance living substances
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Elements• Pure substances that cannot be broken
down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
• 100+ identified• Less than 30 important to living things• IMPORTANT ELEMENTS: CHON
– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen
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• Symbol: consist of one or two letters
• Atomic number: number of protons
• Atomic mass: sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
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Atoms• Simplest particle of an element that retains
all of the properties of the element• So small, structures cannot be observed• Scientists created models• Models:
– NOT meant to show how atom looks
– Help understand structure of atom
– Predict how atom will act
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Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
• Electrons
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Nucleus• Central core
• Two kinds of particles:– Proton: POSITIVE electrical charge– Neutron: NO electrical charge
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Electrons
• HIGH ENERGY particles with very little mass
• move around nucleus at very high speeds in one of several different energy levels
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Energy Levels• Outer levels have MORE energy than inner
levels
• First energy level can only hold TWO electrons
• Second energy level can hold up to EIGHT electrons
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Atomic Number
• Number of protons
• Proton number same in ALL atoms of same element
• Protons=Electrons
• Positive=Negative=Neutral
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Compounds• Pure substance made up of atoms of two
or more elements
• Naturally elements do NOT exist by themselves
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Chemical Formulas
• Show kind and proportion of atoms of each element in compound
• Ex: H2O
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• Physical and chemical properties of COMPOUNDS differ from individual ELEMENTS
• Atom is most stable when outermost energy level is filled
• Most atoms NOT stable in natural state so they make compounds
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Chemical Reactions • Typically unstable elements
combine in ways that cause their atoms to become stable
• Types:– Covalent– Ionic
• Process:1. chemical bond broken
2. Atoms rearranged
3. New chemical bonds (attachments) formed
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Covalent Bonds• Forms when two atoms share one or more
pairs of electrons
• Molecule: simplest part of a substance that retains all the properties of that substance
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Ionic Bonds
• Ion: an atom or molecule with an electrical charge ( + or - )
• When two oppositely charge atoms combine and one electrons is transferred
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Energy
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Energy and Matter• Energy: the ability to do work or cause change
• Amount of energy in universe remains the same
• Energy changes in form
• Flow of energy from sun to living things is the chemistry of living things
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Energy in Living Things• Important forms of energy:
– chemical energy– thermal energy– electrical energy– mechanical energy
• Free Energy: the energy is a system that is available for work
• Breakfast thermal, mechanical energy
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States of Matter• All atoms of any
substance are in constant motion
• Rate of atoms or molecules motion determine state of substance
• Types of state:– Solid– Liquid– Gas
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Solid• Particles
– tightly linked together
– in definite shape– vibrate in place
• Maintains fixed volume and shape
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Liquid• Particles
– Not as tightly linked as a solid
– Move more freely than a solid FLOW
• Flow to conform to shape of container
• Maintain fixed volume
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Gas
• Particles– move most freely
and RAPIDLY– little to no
attraction to each other
• Fill volume of container they occupy
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Changing State of Matter
• THERMAL ENERGY must be added to substance
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Energy and Chemical Reactions• Living things undergo
thousands of chemical reactions
• VERY complex (interrelated and multistep)
• Reactants: what you start with, the LEFT side of equation
• Products: what you end with the RIGHT side of equation
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Energy Transfer
• Main energy supply of body : SUGAR
• Chemical Reactions: Sugars CO2 + H2O
• Types:– Exergonic Reaction:
release free energy– Endergonic Reaction:
absorbs free energy
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Activation Energy• Amount of energy
needed to start reaction
• Catalyst: reduce the amount of activation energy needed
• Enzyme: important class of catalysts in living things
• Single organisms may have thousands of different kind
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Reduction-Oxidation Reactions• Redox reactions: Electrons
transferred between atoms• Oxidations reaction:
reactant lose 1+ electrons; results in positive charge
• Reduction reaction: reactant gains 1+ electron; results in negative charge
• Electron given up by one substance and accepted by another
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Solutions
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Why?
• Most mass of living things is WATER
• Chemical reactions of life occur mostly in water solutions
• Electricity of nerves transmits through watery pathways of dissolved ions
• Chemical messengers move through watery medium of body
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Solution
• A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
• Can be:– liquid– solid– gas
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Parts of a Solution
• Solute: substance dissolved in solution
• Solvent: substance in which the solute is dissolved
• Saturated solution: no more solute can be dissolved
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Aqueous Solution
• Water is solvent
• VERY important to living things
• Marine microorganisms, plant nutrients, cells
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Dissociation of Water
• Force of attraction between atoms so strong, oxygen atoms steals hydrogen atom from another water molecule
• Water molecule 2 ions with opposite charges
hydronium hydroixde ion ion
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Acid
• Hydronium ions > Hydroxide ions
• Sour tasting
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Base
• Hydroxide ions > Hydronium ions
• Bitter tasting
• Feel slippery
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pH scale• Scale to compare
relative concentration of hydronium ions and hydrogen ions in a solution
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Buffers
• Enzymes can only function at certain pH levels
• Buffers: chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of acid or base