Chapter 19.1

What were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Chapter 19.1

What were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=WPvgXSur2bM (5min)

The industrial revolution in Great Britain • Started in Britain and took several decades to

spread to other countries. Why Britain? • - an agrarian revolution changed agricultural

practices. Increased food supply.• - population grew. Parliament passed enclosure

movement laws and landowners fenced off common lands.

• - had a ready supply of money to invest into new machines and factories. Entrepreneurs found new ways to make profits.

• - had plentiful natural resources, like iron ore and coal.

• - a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods.

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

1. Changes in Cotton Production • Britain way ahead in production of inexpensive

cotton goods. Was a two step process – spinners make cotton thread from raw cotton and then weavers wove the cotton into cloth on looms. Used the cottage industry for many years. 18th century new advances made cottage industry inefficient. Invention of the “flying shuffle” made weaving faster. James Hargreaves invented a spinning jenny that produced thread much quicker. Edmund Cartwright invented a water powered loom that allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of the thread. Led to a factory system. James Watts invented steam engine to drive the machine.

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”

Eli Whitney 1765-1825

invented the cotton gin, which reduced the

amount of time needed

to clean seeds from

cotton fiber by

tenfold in 1793; he also

pioneered the use of

interchangeable parts

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

× Rigid schedule.

× 12-14 hour day.

× Dangerous conditions.

× Mind-numbing monotony.

14

Work Rules Berlin 1844

• Work day begins at 6am • Half hour break for breakfast• Hour break for dinner• Half hour for tea • Ends at 7pm • 2 minutes late loose half days wage• More than two minutes late- will not start work till

after first break, or loose wage till then• No worker can leave his place of work • All conversations prohibited

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

2. The Coal and Iron Industries• Steam engine was crucial to Britain’s

Industrial Revolution. Used coal. Also had iron ore and came up with new methods to use it as well.

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

ù More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible. “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer

steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong,

flexible steel.

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Steam ShipSteam Ship

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

3. The New Factories• Factory was another important element.

Workers were put in shifts to keep the machines producing. Workers came from the rural areas where long days were normal. Workers disciplined to a system of regular hours and repetitive tasks, was harsh if late or drunk, (fired) so workers tried to work hard.

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

1914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child “hurriers”

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

4. Railroads • Locomotives invented and then improved.

Cars now ran on top of rails. Linked manufacturing towns with ports, like Manchester with Liverpool. Railroad expansion caused a ripple effect in the economy. Building railroads created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants. Less expensive transportation led to lower priced goods thus creating larger markets. More sales meant more factories and more machinery.

George Stephenson1781-1848,

• developed the first

steam-powered

locomotive, The Rocket,

which could move people

and products between

Liverpool and London

regardless of the

weather in 1814

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

B. The Spread of Industrialization• Great Britain was also the richest nation.

  1. Europe • Other countries industrialized at varied speeds.

Those that did usually had a government that was actively encouraging industrialization.  

2. North America• The U.S.A. needed a good transportation system to

move goods across the large nation. Robert Fulton built the first paddle wheel steamboat, the Clermont. Railroad was most important. The county became a single massive market for the manufactured goods of the northeast. Factory owners sought entire families to work in their factories.

eventually banned in most industrialized nations

Child labor

• Employing children as young as8 years of age to do factory work;• Due to detrimental effects, this practice was

C. Social Impact in Europe • 1. Population and Urban Growth

Population grew tremendously…. WHY? – a. a decline in the death rate because people

more resistant to disease. – b. Famine seemed to have disappeared. Many thought

population growth led to economic growth. Thomas Malthus wrote about poverty and population growth. He said when there is an increase in the food supply, the population tends to increase too fast for the food supply to

keep up leading to famine, disease, and war. Famine and poverty were two factors in global migration and urbanization. The rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions for many.

 

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

× Population growth willoutpace the food supply.

× War, disease, or faminecould control population.

× The poor should have less children.

× Food supply will then keep up with population.

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Problems of PolutionProblems of Polution

The Silent Highwayman - 1858

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

2. The Industrial Working Class• Middle ages saw the rise of commercial

capitalism, which is based on trade. Industrial capitalism is based on industrial production and it created a new class of people – industrial middle class. It was the bourgeoisie which now included bankers, factory owners and developers, lawyers, teachers, and doctors. New industrial middle class was made up of the people who built the factories, brought the machines and developed the markets.

 

19c Bourgeoisie19c Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

3. The Industrial Working Class• Created a working class that faced

wretched working conditions. Conditions in coal mines were harsh. The worst were cotton mills. In some factories children were a main employed person. Laws would soon be made to limit this.

× “Iron Law of Wages.”

× When wages are high,workers have morechildren.

× More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

Factory and Mine Life • 12-16 hours a day • No minimum wage• Horrible conditions • Britain women made two thirds work force• Factory Act 1833

– 9 as minimum wage – Ages 9-13 worked 9 hours a day – Ages 13-18 worked 12 hours a day

• Excessive working hours for women outlawed 1844• Changed the “bread winner ideals”

4. Early socialism• Some reformers wanted to bring in socialism

to help the workers. In socialism society, government owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities. Early socialists wrote books about the ideal society that might be created. In this society, workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be met. Called Utopian society as Robert Owen used it. He created New Lanark, Scotland, (successful) and New Harmony, Indiana, (failed), to prove his ideas.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

× People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

19-1 Review• Improved food supplies, large labor force,

and abundant money supply contributed to this countries Industrial Revolution.

• Britain• Railroad construction, coal mining, and

factory production were all newly created what by the Industrial Revolution?

• Jobs• The movement away from home

production, the need for more power, and increased exports of British cotton goods, were the results of what?

19-1 Review• Factory system• Money supply• capital• Seekers of new business opportunities • entrepreneurs• Invention that improved thread production • Spinning Jenny• Production method using rural at-home

workers • cottage industry• Governmental ownership and control of

production

19-1 Review• socialism • The steam engine, used to drive machinery,

was improved by who?• James Watt • The textile industry met its last major

challenge to full mechanization with the development of improvements to what?

• the steam engine