Chapter 17 Chapter 17

Manifest Destiny and Its Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Legacy

““American ProgressAmerican Progress”” by John Gast, by John Gast, 18721872

““American ProgressAmerican Progress”” by John Gast, by John Gast, 18721872

This painting shows "Manifest Destiny" (To expand the United States from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean).In 1872 artist John Gast painted a popular scene of people moving west that captured the view of Americans at the time. Called "American Progress" and widely distributed as an engraving portrayed settlers moving west, guided and protected by a goddess-like figure and aided by technology (railways, telegraphs), driving Indians and bisons into obscurity.

William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison He was the first He was the first

president to die in president to die in office.office.

He served one month, He served one month, the shortest term of the shortest term of any president.any president.

He gave the longest He gave the longest inauguration speech of inauguration speech of any president. any president.

He was the first He was the first candidate to have a candidate to have a campaign campaign slogan---"Tippecanoe slogan---"Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too."and Tyler, Too."

John Tyler John Tyler Became president after the Became president after the

death of Harrisondeath of Harrison Former Democrat turned Former Democrat turned

Whig due to dislike of the Whig due to dislike of the dictatorial tactics of dictatorial tactics of Jackson.Jackson.

He was against almost He was against almost everything Whigs were for.everything Whigs were for.

– National BankNational Bank– Protective TariffProtective Tariff– Internal ImprovementsInternal Improvements

His entire cabinet resigned, His entire cabinet resigned, except for Webster.except for Webster.

Tyler had 15 children, the Tyler had 15 children, the most of any president.most of any president.

Caroline Affair Caroline Affair The Caroline was an The Caroline was an

American steamship American steamship that had been aiding that had been aiding rebels in Canada. rebels in Canada. Canadian militia, on Canadian militia, on orders of the British, orders of the British, seized the Caroline in seized the Caroline in American waters. American waters. They set the ship on They set the ship on fire, and sent it hurling fire, and sent it hurling over the Niagara Falls. over the Niagara Falls. These actions strained These actions strained US relations with US relations with Great Britain almost to Great Britain almost to the point of war. the point of war.

Aroostook WarAroostook War Feb.–May, 1839, border conflict Feb.–May, 1839, border conflict

between the United States and between the United States and Canada. In 1838, Maine and New Canada. In 1838, Maine and New Brunswick both claimed territory Brunswick both claimed territory left undetermined on the U.S.-left undetermined on the U.S.-Canadian border, including the Canadian border, including the valley of the Aroostook River. valley of the Aroostook River. Maine farmers were interested in Maine farmers were interested in the valley's farmlands, and when the valley's farmlands, and when New Brunswick sent Canadian New Brunswick sent Canadian lumbermen to do logging there, lumbermen to do logging there, Maine authorities raised a force to Maine authorities raised a force to eject them. New Brunswick asked eject them. New Brunswick asked for British regular troops and full-for British regular troops and full-scale fighting seemed imminent, scale fighting seemed imminent, but Gen. Winfield Scott, who had but Gen. Winfield Scott, who had been sent to the area with a small been sent to the area with a small U.S. force, managed to reach an U.S. force, managed to reach an agreement (Mar., 1839) that agreement (Mar., 1839) that prevented trouble. The boundary prevented trouble. The boundary was later settled by the Webster-was later settled by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842). Ashburton Treaty (1842).

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Webster-Ashburton TreatyWebster-Ashburton Treaty The Webster-Ashburton The Webster-Ashburton

Treaty, signed August 9, Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, settled the dispute 1842, settled the dispute over the location of the over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick Maine-New Brunswick border between the United border between the United States and Canada as well States and Canada as well as the location of the border as the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains and the Rocky Mountains and the shared use of the Great shared use of the Great Lakes. It also called for a Lakes. It also called for a final end to the slave trade final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be on the high seas, to be enforced by both enforced by both signatories.signatories.

The Lone Star RepublicThe Lone Star Republic After Texas won their After Texas won their

independence from Mexico it independence from Mexico it remained an independent remained an independent country. (Lone Star country. (Lone Star Republic)Republic)

Texas asked the United Texas asked the United States to grant them States to grant them statehood but the U.S. statehood but the U.S. refused because of fear of refused because of fear of war with Mexico and fear of war with Mexico and fear of inflaming the slave issue.inflaming the slave issue.

Due to fear of an attack by Due to fear of an attack by Mexico Texas made treaties Mexico Texas made treaties with France, Holland, and with France, Holland, and Belgium.Belgium.

When Texas began When Texas began negotiations with Great negotiations with Great Britain the U.S. was forced to Britain the U.S. was forced to act. act.

James Polk responded James Polk responded by becoming the by becoming the candidate in favor of candidate in favor of national territorial national territorial expansion. Polk expansion. Polk avoided trouble over avoided trouble over his desire to annex his desire to annex Texas (which would Texas (which would become a slave state) become a slave state) by proposing to add by proposing to add Oregon as a free Oregon as a free state.state.

New Yorkers opposed the annexation of Texas in this petition.

Election of 1844Election of 1844 Whigs – Henry ClayWhigs – Henry Clay

– Third run at the presidencyThird run at the presidency– Leading spokesman for the Whig PartyLeading spokesman for the Whig Party– Desperate to become presidentDesperate to become president

Democrats – James K. PolkDemocrats – James K. Polk– A dark-horse candidate who had been picked because the A dark-horse candidate who had been picked because the

Democrats couldnDemocrats couldn’’t agree on anyone else.t agree on anyone else.– Called Called ““Young HickoryYoung Hickory”” – He and the Democrats advocated He and the Democrats advocated ““Manifest Destiny.Manifest Destiny.”” – Plan: Annex Texas and annex the Oregon Territory and Plan: Annex Texas and annex the Oregon Territory and

whenever a slave state was added from the south a free whenever a slave state was added from the south a free state would be added from the north.state would be added from the north.

Clay desperately tried to promote the same plan and he Clay desperately tried to promote the same plan and he contradicted himself and lost the election; thus becoming contradicted himself and lost the election; thus becoming a three time loser for the presidency.a three time loser for the presidency.

Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas

After the landslide After the landslide victory of James Polk, victory of James Polk, who ran on a ticket who ran on a ticket supporting annexation supporting annexation of Texas, Congress of Texas, Congress approved the approved the annexation by joint annexation by joint resolution. resolution. In years past, In years past, Congress had blocked Congress had blocked the Tylers' treaties for the Tylers' treaties for these annexations. these annexations.

Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory The Oregon territory The Oregon territory

stretched from the northern stretched from the northern tip of California to the 54° tip of California to the 54° 4040’’ line. line.

Once claimed by Russia, Once claimed by Russia, Spain, England, and the Spain, England, and the U.S. U.S.

England had good reasons England had good reasons for its claims north of the for its claims north of the Columbia River, since it Columbia River, since it was populated by British was populated by British and by the Hudsonand by the Hudson’’s Bay s Bay Company. Company.

Americans had strong Americans had strong claims south of the claims south of the Columbia River due to the Columbia River due to the voyage of Robert Grey and voyage of Robert Grey and the population explosion as the population explosion as a result of the Oregon trail.a result of the Oregon trail.

Oregon TrailOregon Trail

By the middle of the 19th century, the Oregon Trail had become the main route to the American Northwest. Thousands traveled the route, which took six months by covered wagon. Deeply rutted roads cut by wagon wheels can still be seen today in many places along the trail.

A Man and Woman With a Covered Wagon, Prospect, Oregon, George E. Nichols, photographer,1913.

5454ºº40' or Fight40' or Fight! !

CompromiseCompromise

The 1844 Democratic presidential The 1844 Democratic presidential candidate James K. Polk ran on a candidate James K. Polk ran on a platform of taking control over the platform of taking control over the entire Oregon Territory and used the entire Oregon Territory and used the famous campaign slogan, "Fifty-four famous campaign slogan, "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" Forty or Fight!"

Through negotiations with the British Through negotiations with the British after James K. Polk's inauguration, the after James K. Polk's inauguration, the boundary between the U.S. and boundary between the U.S. and British Canada was established at 49° British Canada was established at 49°

James K. PolkJames K. Polk Polk promised to lower the Polk promised to lower the

tariff and he delivered by tariff and he delivered by reducing the tariff from reducing the tariff from 32% to 25% despite 32% to 25% despite complaints by the complaints by the industrialists.industrialists.

He also restored the He also restored the independent treasury in independent treasury in 1846 and wanted to acquire 1846 and wanted to acquire California and settle the California and settle the Oregon dispute.Oregon dispute.

President Polk was the first President Polk was the first president in office to have president in office to have his photo taken (1849). his photo taken (1849).

Polk had ruined his health Polk had ruined his health from overwork while in from overwork while in office. He died of office. He died of exhaustion only 3 months exhaustion only 3 months after his term ended. after his term ended.

PolkPolk’’s Desire for Californias Desire for California

Polk had a strong desire for California Polk had a strong desire for California but Mexico refused to negotiate due to but Mexico refused to negotiate due to the annexation of Texas.the annexation of Texas.

The U.S. then sent John Slidell to The U.S. then sent John Slidell to Mexico City with instructions to buy Mexico City with instructions to buy California for $25 million, however, California for $25 million, however, once he arrived, the Mexican once he arrived, the Mexican government refused to see him.government refused to see him.

This angered Polk to the point of war.This angered Polk to the point of war.

American Blood on American American Blood on American (?) Soil(?) Soil

A frustrated Polk now forced a showdown, A frustrated Polk now forced a showdown, and on Jan. 13, 1846, he ordered 4000 and on Jan. 13, 1846, he ordered 4000 men under Zachary Taylor to march from men under Zachary Taylor to march from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande, the Nueces River to the Rio Grande, provocatively near Mexican troops.provocatively near Mexican troops.

Congress refused to give Polk a Congress refused to give Polk a declaration of war unless Mexico fired the declaration of war unless Mexico fired the first shot. As events would have it, on first shot. As events would have it, on April 25, 1846, news of Mexican troops April 25, 1846, news of Mexican troops crossing the Rio Grande and killing of crossing the Rio Grande and killing of wounding 16 Americans came to wounding 16 Americans came to Washington.Washington.

Polk received his declaration of warPolk received his declaration of war

Spot ResolutionSpot Resolution Congressman Abraham Congressman Abraham

LincolnLincoln’’s demand to s demand to know the exact spot know the exact spot where American blood where American blood had been shed on had been shed on American soil.American soil.

Lincoln insisted that Lincoln insisted that Polk instigated the war.Polk instigated the war.

Northerners questioned Northerners questioned PolkPolk’’s motives because s motives because Mexican territory would Mexican territory would be slave territory.be slave territory.

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

In the Southwest, U.S. operations led by In the Southwest, U.S. operations led by Stephen W. Kearny and John C. Fremont Stephen W. Kearny and John C. Fremont (leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in (leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in California) were successful.California) were successful.

““Old Rough and ReadyOld Rough and Ready”” Zachary Taylor, Zachary Taylor, fought into Mexico, reaching Buena fought into Mexico, reaching Buena Vista, and repelled 20,000 Mexicans with Vista, and repelled 20,000 Mexicans with only 5000 men, instantly becoming a only 5000 men, instantly becoming a hero.hero.

General Winfield Scott led American General Winfield Scott led American troops into Mexico City.troops into Mexico City.

Bear Flag Republic Bear Flag Republic The first "stars and The first "stars and

Stripes were raised over Stripes were raised over Monterey, California by Monterey, California by Commodore John C. Sloat Commodore John C. Sloat commander of U.S. Naval commander of U.S. Naval Forces on July 9, 1846. At Forces on July 9, 1846. At that time the flag had 28 that time the flag had 28 stars.  California became stars.  California became a state on September 9, a state on September 9, 1850. It was represented 1850. It was represented on the flag by the 31st on the flag by the 31st star.star.

Treaty of Guadalupe Treaty of Guadalupe HildalgoHildalgo

1.1. Called for Mexico to cede 55% of its Called for Mexico to cede 55% of its territory (present-day Arizona, California, territory (present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada and Utah) in exchange for fifteen Nevada and Utah) in exchange for fifteen million dollars in compensation for war-million dollars in compensation for war-related damage to Mexican property. related damage to Mexican property.

2.2. Mexico was forced to recognize Texas as Mexico was forced to recognize Texas as part of the U.S.part of the U.S.

3.3. The southern border of Texas was set at The southern border of Texas was set at the Rio Grande River.the Rio Grande River.

Seeds planted for Civil WarSeeds planted for Civil War

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny realized.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny realized.

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso, first The Wilmot Proviso, first

suggested on August 8, 1846 suggested on August 8, 1846 in the House of in the House of Representatives and Representatives and attached to many bills in the attached to many bills in the United States Congress, United States Congress, would have outlawed slavery would have outlawed slavery in any territory acquired in any territory acquired from Mexico by the United from Mexico by the United States as a result of the States as a result of the recently begun Mexican-recently begun Mexican-American War. American War.

The proviso, which was The proviso, which was never passed, was named never passed, was named for Congressman David for Congressman David Wilmot, a Democrat from Wilmot, a Democrat from Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania.