Chapter 15 READING SHEETSChapter 15 Immigrants and UrbanizationSection 1: The New immigrantsBetween 1870 and 1920, approximately _____ million Europeans arrived in the United States. Before 1890, most had come from countries in western and northern Europe. However, increasing numbers began to come from __________ and ________________ Europe. In 1907 alone, about a million arrived from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Many left to escape religious persecution (whole villages of Jews were driven out of Russia under Pogroms) and others left because of rising population which resulted in scarcity of land and jobs.________________ immigrants will arrive on the west coast in smaller numbers. Between 1851 and 1883 _________ arrived. Many came to seek fortunes after the discovery of Gold in California. They helped build the __________, they turned to farming, mining, domestic services and business, although Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a ____________________________ in 1882. In 1884, the Japanese government allowed _______________ planters to recruit Japanese workers.

Graded Journal WritingGraded Journal Writing-Use as many factual references and descriptions of “what things were like” YOU are an immigrant who has recently

arrived in the United States.Write a letter home to a friend,

describing what has happened in the last 6 months with you and your family.

Include: the trip over, going through processing, the new culture, etc…

"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses, yearning to breath free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore; send these, the homeless, the tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!“ Emma Lazarus

When groups come together – Stuff Rubs Off (Culture Develops)

• What kind of culture will develop?

• How will culture Change?• What are the effects of

these changes?– Positive Effect

– Negative Effects

People on the Move………...• The Immigrant Experience • Immigrants from Europe

-Ellis Island / Quarantine• Immigrants from Asia (Angel Island)

•Nativism Movement Effects:• Immigration Act of 1917 (Literacy)•Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

-Gentlemen’s Agreement (Japan)

Chapter 15 Immigrants and Urbanization

Section 1: The New immigrants• Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 20

million Europeans arrived in the United States. Before 1890, most had come from countries in western and northern Europe. However, increasing numbers began to come from Southern and Eastern Europe. In 1907 alone, about a million arrived from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Many left to escape religious persecution (whole villages of Jews were driven out of Russia under Pogroms) and others left because of rising population which resulted in scarcity of land and jobs.

Chapter 15 Immigrants and Urbanization

• Chinese immigrants will arrive on the west coast in smaller numbers. Between 1851 and 1883 300,000 arrived. Many came to seek fortunes after the discovery of Gold in California. They helped build the RAILROADS, they turned to farming, mining, domestic services and business, although Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a CONGRESSIONAL ACT in 1882. (Chinese Exclusion Act)

• In 1884, the Japanese government allowed HAWAIIAN planters to recruit Japanese workers. The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 resulted in increased Japanese immigration. By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese will live on the West Coast. Between 1880 and 1920 about 260,000 immigrants will arrive in the eastern and southeastern states from the WEST INDIES. Mexicans too immigrated to America to find work.

• In 1902 the NATIONAL RECLAMATION ACT, which encouraged the irrigation of land, created many new farm lands in the western states and will draw even more Mexican immigration. Political and social upheavals in Mexico prompted even more immigration.

• Many immigrants will traveled in STEERAGE, the cheapest accommodations in the ships holds. Rarely allowed on deck, they often had to sleep in rat infested bunks and share toilets. Upon arrival, they had to pass inspection at immigration stations like ELLIS ISLAND in New York harbor. About 20% percent were detained for a day or more, but only about 2% percent were denied entry. The processing of immigrants was an ordeal that might take 5 hours or more. They had to pass PHYSICAL examinations by a doctor. Anyone with a serious health problem or disease was sent HOME.

Politics, Immigration & Urban LifePolitics, Immigration & Urban Life

• NATIVISM

• MELTING POT

–ASSIMILATION

• Multi Ethnic Groups embracing AMERICA–Citizenship / Responsibility

• An estimated 17 MILLION immigrants passed through this facility. Asians – primarily Chinese – arrived on the West coast through ANGEL island in San Francisco. Between 1910 and 1940, about 50,000 Chinese immigrants will arrive on the West coast.

• Many thought of this country as a MELTING POT, a mixture of people of different cultures. One response to growing immigration was NATIVISM, or overt favoritism toward native-born Americans. This gave rise to demands for immigration restrictions. They sometimes objected more to immigrant’s religious beliefs than to ethnic backgrounds. In 1887, Congress passed a bill requiring a LITERACY test for immigrants, but was vetoed.

• This sentiment was especially strong out west over fear of jobs going to Chinese laborers willing to work for less. In 1882, Congress slammed the door on Chinese immigration for 10 years with the CHINESE EXCLUSION Act. This fear was extended to other Asian immigration as well. Under the GENTLEMEN’S Agreement of 1907-08 Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers.

People on the Move………...• The Immigrant Experience • Immigrants from Europe

-Ellis Island / Quarantine• Immigrants from Asia (Angel Island)

•Nativism Movement Effects:• Immigration Act of 1917 (Literacy)•Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

-Gentlemen’s Agreement (Japan)

Section 2: The Challenges of Urbanization• The rapid URBANIZATION, or growth of cities, mostly in the

regions of the Northeast and Midwest grew out of the technology boom in the 19th century that contributed to the growing industrial strength of the United States. Most immigrants will migrate to cities, because it was cheaper and more convenient. By 1890, there were twice as many Irish residents in NEW YORK CITY as there was in Dublin. By 1910, immigrant families made up more than HALF the total population of 18 major cities.

• The AMERICANIZATION movement was designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture. Schools and voluntary associations provided programs to teach skills needed for citizenship. Rapid movements in farming meant that fewer laborers were needed. Many rural people moved to cities, among these were African-Americans . Between 1890 and 1910 200,000 African-Americans moved north and west, to cities like Chicago and Detroit. When the industrial age began, working class families had few housing options. However, new types of housing developed such as ROW houses – single family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses.

the Challenge of Cities………• Migration from Farms to Cities (chart)

– GREAT MIGRATION (African Americans)

•Urbanization Problems– Housing / Transportation / Water /

Sanitation / Crime / Fire

•Row Houses and Tenements : • Suburbs Grow (Middle Class)•AMERICANIZATION Movement• Ethnic Neighborhoods

Informal Segregation (Ghettos)

• In 1879, New York City passed a law that set minimum standards for plumbing and ventilation in apartments. Landlords began to build TENEMENTS with air shafts that provided an outside window for each room, but people sometimes dumped garbage into the shafts where it attracted VERMIN.

• Innovations in MASS TRANSIT transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people, enabled workers to go easily to and from jobs. STREET cars were introduced in San Francisco and ELECTRIC SUBWAY in Boston in 1897.

• Cities also faced the problem of supplying safe DRINKING WATER. Even in cities like New York, homes seldom had indoor plumbing and they had to collect water in pails from faucets on the street. The necessity to control diseases like CHOLERA and TYPHOID was obvious. To make city water safer, FILTRATION was introduced in 1870’s and CHLORINATION in 1908.

• Sanitation was also a growing problem. Horse MANURE piled up on streets, SEWAGE flowed through open gutters. Without dependable Trash pick-up, many immigrants dumped their garbage in the streets, which will lead to rampant spreading of disease.

• Also, as populations increased, so did crime. New York organized the first FULL TIME , SALARIED POLICE FORCE in 1844, but their units were too small to have much impact.

• Another problem was major FIRES that occurred in almost every large American city during the 1870’s and 1880’s. In addition to lacking water, most cities were packed with wooden dwellings. The use of candle and KEROSENE heaters also posed a fire hazard. CINCINNATI, Ohio will tackle this problem with the first paid fire department in 1853. The introduction of a practical automatic sprinkler system in 1874 and replacement of wood as a building material with BRICK, STONE or CONCRETE also made cities safer.

• As problems with cities mounted, American will work to find solutions. An early reform program, the SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT preached salvation through service to the poor.

• Inspired by this movement, many reformers responded to the call to help the urban poor. In the late 1880’s, a few reformers established the SETTLEMENT HOUSES, community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people, especially immigrants.

• They provided education, cultural, and social services. JANE ADDAMS, one of the most influential members of the movement, and Ellen Gates Starr founded Chicago’s HULL House in 1889. These settlement houses help cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor.

• Ethnic Neighborhoods create Political Machines

• Political Bosses (unofficial city org.)

• CORRUPT – fighting for power, influence – KICKBACK / Corruption / GRAFTKICKBACK / Corruption / GRAFT

• BOSS TWEED – Tammany Hall (NY)BOSS TWEED – Tammany Hall (NY)– Thomas NashThomas Nash (Cartoons) (Cartoons)

• Reforming the Spoils System / Patronage

• Hayes / Garfield / Arthur• Pendleton Civil Service Act - 1883

Civil Service System (civil service exams)

Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age• With cities experiencing rapid growth under inefficient

governments, they became receptive to a new political power structure the POLITICAL MACHINE and a new politician, the city boss. They offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support. The machine was organized like a pyramid. At the base were local precinct workers, and they reported to the ward bosses.

• The city boss and his machine controlled access to municipal jobs, influenced the courts and other municipal agencies. These machines were especially influential in urban ethnic neighborhoods. When the loyalty of voters was not enough to carry an election, many political machines turned to FRAUD.

• (community organizers & activists) ? How do they earn a living?

• Using fake names, party groups cast as many votes as was needed to win the election. Once a political machine got it’s candidates into office, it could take advantage of numerous opportunities for GRAFT, illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

• William M. Tweed, known as BOSS TWEED became the head of the TAMMANY HALL powerful Democratic political machine. One scheme, involved extravagant graft when the project to build the NY County Courthouse will involve a difference of the estimated cost of $3 million, while the actual cost of $13 million, with the difference going into the Democratic Party Machine’s pocket.

• THOMAS NAST, a political cartoonist, helped arouse public ourtrage against the Tweed Ring, which was finally broken in 1871.

• Since the beginning of the 19th century, presidents had complained about the problem of PATRONAGE or the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected. In Andrew Jackson’s administration this policy was known as the SPOILS system. Some government employees were not qualified for the jobs, and sometimes used their position for personal gain.

• Reformers began to press for elimination of this system and adoption of a merit system of hiring. CIVIL service or government administration job reforms made gradual progress under Presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. Rutherford B. Hayes, elected in 1876, could not convince Congress to support reforms, so he used others means.

• The resulting CIVIL SERVICE Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a candidates performance based on an EXAMINATION.

• By 1901, more than 40 percent of all federal jobs had been classified as civil service positions. With employees no longer a source of campaign contributions, politicians turned to wealthy business owners for support.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS– Federal Government Jobs– Police, Fire, Post Office, City Workers