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Chapter 13:The Spread of Civilization - Japan, Korea, VietnamMs. Sheets and Professor Hopkins AP World History

Japan: The Imperial AgeJapanese rulers want to build a Chinese-style society

Taika, Nara and Heian periods (7th to 9th centuries)Tremendous borrowing from ChinaCourts who lost political control to powerful aristocratic families and Buddhist monks

Taika reforms, 646Copy Chinese style of ruleTry to develop bureaucracyTry to establish large peasant based conscript army

Crisis at Nara and the Shift to Heian (Kyoto)Emperor Kammu moves capital from Nara to Heian (Kyoto), 794, try to gain a fresh startBuddhists forbidden to build monasteriesAbandons Taika reformsAristocracy restored to power

Failure of Taika Reforms Failure of import strong state model of Chinese dynastyHeian Era was courtiers dreamBoth Buddhist monestaries and aristocratic families encouraged this failureThis allows regional warlords/families to establish local control with little resistance Failure of Taika Reforms (cont.)Japanese geography as well encouraged political decentralizationWeak state model/Emperor puppetRise of bushi or local lords and kingdomsEvolution towards Japanese feudalismRise of Samurai culture/BushidoDeclining influence of China and Chinese cultureAristocratic families like Fujiwara had to rely on alliances with regional warlords300 feudal kingdoms run by daimyoEvolution of Japanese Zen Buddhism A Buddhist current uniquely JapaneseFocuses on simplicity and harmony with natureZen Buddhist gardensAreas for quiet contemplationRyoan Ji Garden (Kyoto)

Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion)

Court Life in the Heian EraHeian court culture, extremely refinedCodes of behaviorAesthetic enjoyment and luxurious delightsPoetry, written on fans or scented paperWomen and men take part in outpouring of literary productionLady Murasaki, Tale of Genji

The Decline of Imperial PowerFujiwara familyDominate government and shape policiesMarry into imperial familyCooperate with BuddhistsElite cult within Buddhism

Regional lords (bushi)Fortress bases on their landSemi-independent, ruled fortsSamurai begin as loyal to bushiWarrior class emergesMartial arts esteemedSpecial code stresses family honor and death rather than defeatSeppuku or hari-kiriPeasants lose status, freedom, treated as property of local lordTurn to salvationist BuddhismRise of the Provincial Warrior Elite

The Era of Warrior DominanceProvincial lords power growsImperial house and aristocracy declineBy 11th/12th c., provincial families dominate, are in control at court (Taira, Minamoto clans)Declining influence of China as Japanese imperial house weakens838, Japanese embassies to Tang China stoppedGempei Wars in Honshu (main island)Battle between Taira and Minamoto clans1185, Minamoto victorious and control courtMinamoto establish Bakufu, feudal military government/dictatorshipKamakura, capital called Kamakura regimeThe Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance and the Age of the WarlordsYoritomo, Minamoto shogun (military leader of bakufu)Assassinates relativesDeath brings succession struggleHojo family, alligned with Minamoto, dominate Kamakura regimeReal power rests in Hojo familyHojo manipulated Minamoto shogunsMinamoto claimed to rule in the name of Kyoto emperor

Ashikaga Takuaji, a Minamoto, overthrows Kamakura rule in 14th c.Ashikaga Shogunate establishedCollapse of centralized authority1467-1477, civil war among Ashikaga factions300 small kingdoms, ruled by warlords (daimyo)Violence and SolaceChivalry of Bushi era deterioratesEra of barbarism emergesMilitary division and social changePeasant violenceWarfare becomes more brutalBattles determined more by size and organization of warlords forces, than the outcome of samurai combat

Economic and cultural growthDaimyo support commerceIncrease in trade

Art and Zen Buddhism (simplicity)Mimic monochrome Chinese styleScreen and scroll paintingsShow natural beauty of Japan

KoreaRuled by indigenous dynasties for most of its history, but most greatly influenced by ChinaAncestors from Siberia, Manchuria, begin farming (4th c.)Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea109 BCE, Choson kingdom conquered by HanKoguryo people resist Chinese dominanceEstablish independent state in the northern halfSinification increases after fall of Han (adopt Chinese culture)Buddhism an important vehicle (artists, monasteries)Chinese writing, Chinese law codeThree Korean kingdoms: Koguryo, Paekche, Silla

Korea, cont.The Sinification of Korean Elite CultureSilla capital, Kumsong, copied Tang citiesBuddhism favored over ConfucianismAristocracy most influenced by Chinese cultureKoryo (same as Koguryo, changes its name) Collapse, Dynastic RenewalRevolts caused by labor, tax burdensWeaken Silla, Koryo governments1231, Mongol invasion, followed by turmoil1392, Yi dynasty founded, lasts until 1910Restored aristocratic dominanceThe Making of VietnamChinese push south to Red River ValleyViets retain distinctivenessQin raid into Vietnam, 220s BCECommerce increasedViets conquer Red River lordsMerge with Mon-Khmer and Tai peoplesImportant for formation of Vietnamese as distinct ethnic groupCulture distinct from ChinaWomen generally have higher status in family and in societyConquest and SinificationHan expand (dissatisfied with Viet tribute), Vietnam becomes a tributary from 111 BCE, direct controlChinese culture systematically introduced

The Making of Vietnam, cont.Culture of anti-Chinese resistance developsResistance from aristocracy, peasantsWomen participate39 CE, Revolt of Trung sistersWinning independence and continuing Chinese influencesDistance from China helps resistanceIndependence by 939 until 19th centuryLe Dynasty (Vietnamese dynasty, 980-1009), using Chinese-style bureaucracyMuseum to the Vietnamese Revolution (Hanoi)

Vietnamese Drive to the SouthKhmer, Chams (groups who occupy lowland regions)Viets want this landDefeated by Viets From 11th-18th centuries, Viets expand into Mekong delta regionExpansion and DivisionHanoi, far from frontiersCultural divisions develop following intermarriage with Chams, KhmersNguyen dynastyCapital at Hue, by late 1500sChallenge Trinh family in NorthRivalry until 18th centuryLeaves Vietnamese oblivious to outside threat: French and Catholic ChurchChapter 13 Homework QuestionsCompare the role of the elites in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam in the process of Sinification.How did borrowing from China evolve Japan along their own political and cultural traditions?How did the Tokugawa warlord family come to power after years of civil war?How did Korea develop a separate identity after repeated Chinese interventions?After benefitting from borrowing from the Chinese, how did Vietnam develop their own identity despite intervention from the Han dynasty?