Chapter 13- Exploration & Discovery

Why exploration?

• New Trade Routes– Wanted to increase profits– Didn’t want to pay the middle man anymore

• Gold– Tales of great riches

• Adventure– Renaissance spirit of curiosity & individual

achievement

• Religion– Wanted to convert the heathens– Mostly Roman Catholics, spreading their religion,

not salvation through Jesus Christ• Competition among European nations– Italy-monopoly on trade– Other nations want to bypass Italy– Kings wanted riches for their own country

Tools for Exploration

• Maps–Not very useful in

exploring new lands– Every time an

explorer returned, he added onto a previously made map

Instruments

• Compass–Navigation–Map making–Direction to

follow a certain course

Instruments

• Astrolabe• Quadrant• Cross staff– All measured angle

between horizon and North star

– Used to measure latitude

– Not accurate on a moving ship

Sea Going Vessels

• Arabic sails– Good on the ocean– Only control small boats

• Not enough room for men and supplies

• Viking Sails– Good maneuverability- Change directions and move around things

• Caravel• combination of triangle and

rectangular sails• Light and fast• Good for ocean travel

PORTUGAL AND SPAIN

Portugal

• Leads in Exploration– Surrounded by water– Learned skills from Moors

• Navigation • Map making skills

• Henry the Navigator– Never sailed– Loved navigation– Sponsored captains,

mapmakers, geographers, etc.

• Dias– Sailed around south tip

of Africa• De Gama

– Sailed around south tip, reached India

• ***Portuguese broke Muslim monopoly on trade in Indian Ocean***

Spain

• Christopher Columbus– Italian, sponsored by

Spain– Wanted to reach Asia by

sailing East– Ptolemy and Marco Polo– Leaves August

• October spots land• San Salvador, Bahamas• Thinks it is Japan

• God planned on the New World being discovered ONLY after the truth of the Bible is now becoming more well known.

Line of Demarcation

BECAUSE OF THE LINE OF DEMARCATION THE SPANISH COULD NOT SAIL AROUND THE AFRICAN CONTINENT TO INDIA.

THEY HAD TO FIND ANOTHER ROUTE….

Ferdinand Magellan

• 1519- Sail East by going West– 200+ men; 5 ships; 3 years– Sail around southern tip of S.

America– Named Pacific Ocean (peaceful)

• Only 18 men; 1 ship made it back to Spain– Magellan dies in Philippines

• 1st time- Circumnavigate world– Found alternate route to East Indies

EUROPE AND THE NEW WORLDAKA THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Native Americans

• Natives had lived here for thousands of years

• Farmers/gatherers, hunters

• Worship nature gods• Small tribes rather

than large nations

Natives of Central & S. America

• More advanced than N. American natives– Large cities– Traded with neighbors– Created art/literature

• Maya (300-900 AD)

• Aztec (1300s AD)

• Incas (1380 – 1570 AD)

Maya

• Many city-states• Pyramids• Paved highways• Hieroglyphs• Astronomy• Computed length of year

365 ¼ days• Worshipped false gods• Declined before Spanish

arrival

Aztec

• After Mayan decline• 1345- founded city of

Tenochtitlan– City on lake– Central Mexico– Temple in center, canals

through city– Fighters– Conquered over 2 million

people– Human sacrifices to their

gods

Tenochtitlan

Inca

• West coast of S. America (Peru)

• Families in tightly knit communities

• Mostly farmers• Had an empire– Ruled over conquered

people– Well planned cities and

road system

• The Incas excelled at terrace farming. Land is very uneven in Peru.• They knew how to use the land they had to successfully grow: corn,

potatoes, quinoa…… and cocoa beans for CHOCOLATE