Chapter 13

After Rome The end of the Roman Empire ushered in a time period

called the Middle Ages, or the Medieval period. The constant invasions of Germanic tribes disrupted

trade, caused cities to fall, and people to move into rural areas.

Because of the invading tribes, and their varying languages, Latin was altered and Spanish, and French emerged.

There was no unified army. Small communities formed with no written laws.

People began to pledge allegiance to tribal leaders who offered them food, clothing, weapons, land and treasures from conquests.

Germanic Kingdoms EmergeIn the Roman Province of Gaul (France &

Switzerland) a Germanic people called the Franks held power.

A man named Clovis rose to power and became leader of the Franks.

Clovis adopted Christianity, and formed a bond between leaders of the Catholic Church.

During this time many Germanic tribes, who had settled in Rome’s former lands converted to Christianity.

By 600 C.E, the fear of costal attacks by the Muslims spurred many people to become Christians.

Adoption of ChristianityTo adapt to rural conditions, the church built religious

communities called monasteries. Monks and nuns lived in these communities and devoted

their lives to serving god and spreading Christianity. Monasteries became Europe's best-educated

communities. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries and copied

books using the art of illumination. In 590 Gregory I became pope, or head of the church in

Rome. Under Gregory, the papacy became a secular, or worldly

power involved in politics.

Illuminations An illumination is an embellishment, or

additional decoration that enhances the pages of a written, or manuscript page.

The term, Illumination comes from the term Illuminate, or to fill with light. This effect is achieved with the application of gold leaf to the letters and images, which reflect light and appear to glow.

An illuminated letter was usually the first letter of a page or paragraph. It was always enlarged and in color with gold applied in areas, while the rest of the text remained black.

The images used to enhance the letters include animals, plants, and mythological creatures. These images were modified to fit into or around the letter, or in some cases took on the shape of the letter itself.

Charlemagne After Clovis's death, Charles Martel, the mayor of the

palace of the Frankish Kingdom assumes control. Charles Martel began campaigns to extend the Frankish

Kingdom. In 732 he defeated the Muslim invasion at the battle of

tours in 732.-If it was not for his victory,the Muslims would have controlled most of western Europe.

After Charles Martels death, his son Pepin the Short assumes control, beginning the Carolingian Dynasty, a family that would rule the Franks from 751-987.

Charlemagne becomes king after his father Pepin the Short dies and extends the empire (greater than that of the Roman Empire).

The Feudal System

After Charlemagne's death, his 3 sons fought over territory and broke up the kingdom put in place by their father.

The feudal system emerged; a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty.

The feudal system was based on rights and obligations in exchange for military services and protection.

A Lord, or landowner granted land called a fief. The person accepting a fief was called a vassal.

Feudal Pyramid The most powerful vassals were

the wealthy landowners and bishops.

Knights were mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords land for fiefs.

There were 3 classes of people: those who fought - nobles and

knights Those who prayed - men and

women of the church. Those who worked - the

peasants. Serfs: people who were tied to

the land and could not leave. Manor: where all of the vassals of

the nobles lived.

Vocabulary

FeudalismVassalFiefManor

Chivalry & Courtly Love

Knighthood In exchange for fiefs, a knight would serve and

protect a lord. A knight would fight for 40 days a year and spend

most of their spare time in training. In the 1100’s the code of chivalry was introduced

and became a standard practice for all knights. The code consisted of three standards. Fight

bravely for:1. His Feudal lord.2. His Heavenly Lord.3. His chosen Lady.

The ideal knight was loyal, brave and courteous.

A Knights Training Age 7: (Page) a boy would be

sent to a castle of another Lord. He began to practice fighting and waited on his host.

Age 14: (squire) He acted as a servant to a knight.

Age 21: (knighthood) was dubbed a knight and for 2 years fighting in local wars.

Knights took part in tournaments (like at medieval times) to gain training experience, as well as make money.

The Literature of ChivalryIn the 1100s the themes of medieval literature

downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare.

Under the code of chivalry, a knights duty to his lady became as important to his duty to his lord.

Troubadours were traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe.

Troubadours composed short songs about the joys and sorrows of romantic love.

The Age of Courtly Love

Please read the primary source The Age of Courtly Love, silently.

Please take note of which of these elements of courtly love might still apply in today’s world- circle the ones that apply.

Please place a star next to the ones you don’t understand.

Coat of Arms

Coat of Arms The carrying of personal armorial insignia on shields and

banners began widespread in feudal times. A coat of arms allowed people to be identified and belonging to

a particular person (or group of people) and used by them in a wide variety of ways. A knight had his face covered with the visor from his helmet and as

such, had to be recognized at a distance. Medieval Dog-Tags - to identify fallen knights. Over time, it was also used by families as seals for documents.

Bearing a coat of arms also became popular in tournaments. Just like today you identify your modern sports team with a symbol or character, so did the people of the Middle Ages.

In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, and other establishments.

Meaning behind features The slogan/motto is often written below or

above the coat of arms, and is usually some sort of motto or testament to the bearer's strength.

The Shield is often the center of the coat of arms, directly descended from the shields of the medieval knights.

The Supporters can be interpreted both literally or figuratively, representing the ideals and morals that the represented entity is built upon.

The coronet/helmet is a small crown/helm that occasionally sits on top of the shield as a symbol of rank or royalty.

The wreath/torse is a strip of fabric that once represented the favor or a lady.

The crest/charger usually stands on the top of the helm, coronet or wreath, and often features images such as the front part of an animal or birds' wings.

The mantling is the backdrop for the shield, often depicted as a type of cloth. The tradition comes from the wearing of a mantle over a knight's helm, to keep rain and wind from entering the armor's join at the neck.

History of Nursery Rhymes In more repressed times, people were not always allowed

to express themselves freely, for fear of persecution. Gossiping, criticizing the government or even talking about

current events were often punishable by death. In order to communicate at will, clever rhymes were

constructed and passed around to parody public figures and events.

The first nursery rhymes can be traced back to the fourteenth century. While the Bubonic Plaque ravaged England, peasants used a rhyme to spread the word about equality.

Church CorruptionBetween 500 and 1000 AD became known

as the dark ages due to the constant invasions.

During this time the popes began to reform the church. Many priests married and had families which

was against church rule. Bishops sold positions in the church, a practice

called simony. Lay investiture: Kings appointed church bishops.

Church ReformIn the 1100s and 1200s the church was

restructured to resemble a kingdom.The Pope was head of the church, acting like a

king, and a group of advisors to the pope was put in place called the papal Curia.

It developed Canon Law- which regulated laws about marriage, divorce & inheritance.

The church collected taxes called tithes- which was one-tenth of the yearly income of every Christian family.

The church also built hospitals and had various endeavors to help the poor with some proceeds of the taxes.

The CrusadesBecause of this new age of faith, or revival of the

church, it also became an age of conquest to seek converts and more lands.

In 1093 the Byzantium Emperor Alexius Comneneus called for help fighting the Muslim Turks which were attempting to conquer his lands.

Pope Urban II initiated a “holy war,” a crusade to gain control over the holy land(Palestine)

The land has been a destination for religious pilgrimages since biblical times, by Jews, Christians, and later, Muslims.

A Church Divided In the 1300 King Phillip IV of France refused the authority of the

church over French Bishops. Pope Boniface VIII responded with with an official document of the

church stating all kings must obey the pope. -Phillip had him imprisoned.

In 1305 King Phillip VIII persuaded the College of Cardinals to elect a French Pope and move the capital from Rome to Avignon, France.-It remained there for 69 years.

In 1378, a new pope was elected, Urban VI a Roman. Because the cardinals did not like Urban due to his church reforms,

a few months later a 2nd pope was elected in France, Clement VII. At this time there were 2 popes one in France and the other in

Rome. This Began the split in the church known as the Great Schism. In 1414 all popes were forced to resign and Martin V elected as

sole pope and united Christendom.

Groups 6 Leaders will be selected. Each leader will pick members of their

team. The First CrusadeThe Second CrusadeThe Third CrusadeThe Fourth CrusadeThe Children’s CrusadeThe Spanish Crusade(Reconquista)

Changes in Medieval Society While Church reform, and the crusades were taking place,

between 1000-1300 important changes were occurring in Medieval society.

Towns and cities began to grow, and the population began to increase.

The use of the three-field system, in which farmers planted 2 fields and left one resting for a year allowed more food to be grown.

Guild developed, which was an organization of individuals from the same profession, and merchants banned together to control the number of goods being traded to control prices.

The guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions.

This expansion of trade and business is called the Commercial Revolution.

England & France DevelopThe earliest nations in Europe to develop a strong

unified government were England & France. William the Conqueror claims England after the

Battle of Hastings against the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic tribe which first claimed parts of England.

William the Conquerors descendants owned land in both Normandy, France and in England.

Henry II, a descendant of William married Eleanor of Aquitaine, which strengthened England’s ties in France.

Common law was created, which set laws on taxation, settled lawsuits and punished crimes.

Government & Magna Carta Henry’s son Richard the Lion-hearted became king after

Henry’s death. Richard was well known for his efforts in the 3rd Crusade,

and when he died his brother John took the throne. John was a cruel leader and also failed as a military leader. John raised the taxes at an all-time high for England and

his vassals became displeased. John’s nobles revolted, and they forced John to sign the

Magna Carta. The Magna Carta, or great charter, allowed more freedoms

to the people and limited the power of the king. The Magna Carta guaranteed basic legal rights, such as

trial by jury, no taxation without representation, and protection under the law. It also is considered the template for the US Bill of Rights.

100 Years War After Phillip IV died, England’s Edward III, grandson of Phillip IV and claimed

that he should be successor of the French throne. The war began after Edward claimed the French Throne and lasted 1337-1453.

It became known as the 100 Years War. Finally between 1421 and 1453 the French drove the English out of France. Joan of Arc, a peasant girl, fought for the French, and led the French army into

battle near Orleans. Joan, just as the French were retreating charged back to the frontline, and the

army followed. They ended up winning this battle and a Charles VII became the French king.

Joan was later condemned to death as a witch, because of her claim to hear voices.

This war is considered the end of the Middle Ages. The impact of the 100 Years War

Patriotism emerged in both France and England, and monarchs were more respected.

The French gained power from the victory. The English suffered internal conflict - The War of the Roses, where two noble

families fought for the throne.