Chapter 11Chapter 11

The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

Section 1Section 1

The Red Scare-In 1920, Warren G. Harding wins presidency.

-Wanted Americans to return to “Normalcy”

-Many factors caused the U.S. people to have anything but “normalcy.”

Reason #1Reason #1Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

-March 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicates.-March 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicates. -Lenin and Bolsheviks take over.-Lenin and Bolsheviks take over. -Caused a civil war [“Reds” vs. “Whites”]-Caused a civil war [“Reds” vs. “Whites”] -Lenin and “Reds” win in 1920.-Lenin and “Reds” win in 1920. -Creates new country called The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic -Creates new country called The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

[USSR][USSR] -Made Communism the official form of government.-Made Communism the official form of government. -Communism had 4 basic ideas:-Communism had 4 basic ideas:

1.1. Govt. owned all land and propertyGovt. owned all land and property 2.2. One political party [Communist]One political party [Communist] 3.3. No individual rightsNo individual rights 4.4. Spread Communism over worldSpread Communism over world

-Communists hated U.S. b/c of our rights.-Communists hated U.S. b/c of our rights. -Caused a -Caused a Red ScareRed Scare in U.S. in U.S. -Intense fear & hatred of Communists.-Intense fear & hatred of Communists. -Caused many American Communists to be jailed or deported.-Caused many American Communists to be jailed or deported.

Reason #2Reason #2

• Schenck vs. U.S.• -U.S. Supreme Court ruling• -Sets up the “Clear and Present Danger

Clause”• -Anything that presents a danger to the

nation or a person is not protected under free speech and the 1st Amendment.

• -Ex. Yelling fire in a crowded movie theater

Reason #3 Palmer Raids -U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

created a govt. groups to arrest suspected subversives.

-People trying to overthrow the government

-Most were Communists -Palmer jailed and deported thousands -Majority of them were innocent -Palmer’s groups were led by J. Edgar

Hoover, Director of the FBI

Warren G. Harding -Harding becomes Pres. at end of Red Scare. -Makes Herbert Hoover Sec. of Commerce. -Had 3 major goals: 1. Isolationism -Wanted to again follow Isolationism 2. Disarmament -Policy that nations would give up their weapons 3. Limiting Immigration -B/c of the Red Scare, the nation became more nativist. -Hatred of foreigners -Most Americans blamed all the U.S. problems on immigrants -To slow immigration, Harding set up an immigration quota.

-Numerical limit Immigration was limited to 3% or about 350,000 per year.

Teapot Dome Scandal -Harding dies before a major scandal appears.

(Murder? Suicide? Natural Causes?) -Teapot Dome Scandal -Harding and his Secretary of the Interior, Albert

Fall, lease Govt. oil fields in Wyoming and California to private oil companies

-Albert Fall receives about $400,000 in exchange for helping the lease go through.

-Fall is caught and goes to jail. -”The Fall Guy”

Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge► Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge► -Coolidge takes over for Harding after his death.-Coolidge takes over for Harding after his death.► -Wins re-election in 1924.”Keep it Cool with -Wins re-election in 1924.”Keep it Cool with

Coolidge”Coolidge”► -Major believer in U.S. business.-Major believer in U.S. business.► -Follows a policy called -Follows a policy called Laissez FaireLaissez Faire..► -Govt. will stay out of -Govt. will stay out of

businessbusiness► -Also continues Isolationism.-Also continues Isolationism.► -Helps to pass -Helps to pass Kellog-Braind PactKellog-Braind Pact► -Nations agree not to use threats of war against -Nations agree not to use threats of war against

each each other.other.► -Pact to prevent another world war.-Pact to prevent another world war.► -Coolidge decides not to run in 1928.-Coolidge decides not to run in 1928.► -Herbert Hoover runs in his place-Herbert Hoover runs in his place► -Wins 1928 election-Wins 1928 election

Section 2

Consumer Economy -1st shopping mall and

1st fast food restaurant open in 1920’s.

-1st fast food restaurant is A&W Root Beer

-Main growth caused by consumer economy

-Large amounts of buying by public.

Credit

Consumer economy helped U.S. grow b/c of installment plan

-Paying for a product over time -Credit -Major items bought on credit: Cars Furniture Vacuums Radios Refrigerators

Electricity Lights up the Electricity Lights up the 1920s1920s

Electricity use grew b/c of buying on credit.Electricity use grew b/c of buying on credit. -Jumped from 16% to 60% of homes with -Jumped from 16% to 60% of homes with

electricityelectricity -Major producer of electric goods was General -Major producer of electric goods was General

ElectricElectric -Also provided new products for families:-Also provided new products for families: Electric toastersElectric toasters Electric coffee potsElectric coffee pots Electric ovensElectric ovens Electric IronsElectric Irons Electric sewing machinesElectric sewing machines

Electrical Goods of 1920s

Henry Ford and the Model-THenry Ford and the Model-T

Henry FordHenry Ford-1920’s saw the 1st mass-market cars.-1920’s saw the 1st mass-market cars.-1st affordable U.S. car builder was Henry Ford-1st affordable U.S. car builder was Henry Ford-His 1st attempt at a car was called “Quadricycle”-His 1st attempt at a car was called “Quadricycle”-By 1903, built his own car company-By 1903, built his own car company-1908 creates his 1st car for sale-1908 creates his 1st car for sale-Called Model-T-Called Model-T-Came in one color [Black]-Came in one color [Black]-Built using -Built using Assembly LineAssembly Line

-One person does a specific job in -One person does a specific job in building a product.building a product.

Model T

Assembly Line

Assembly Line

General MotorsGeneral Motors

-Ford’s major competitor was -Ford’s major competitor was General General MotorsMotors

-G.M.’s major car was the -G.M.’s major car was the ChevroletChevrolet

-Offered cars in many colors-Offered cars in many colors -Ford countered G.M. in 1928 -Ford countered G.M. in 1928

with the with the Model-AModel-A

GM’s ChevroletGM’s Chevrolet

Ford’s Model AFord’s Model A

Section 3

New Women -1920’s saw birth of new thinking. -Biggest change came to women -Young women of the 1920’s were called

Flappers -Young women who went against society and

old-fashioned ideas. -Women also worked for voting rights. -19th Amendment gives women right to vote

in 1920

Flappers

Cities and MigrationCities and Migration

► -Cities and rural areas had many D-Cities and rural areas had many Demographic emographic ChangesChanges -Stats that describe a city-Stats that describe a city -Age, Race, Income-Age, Race, Income

► -Major changes came b/c of -Major changes came b/c of Great MigrationGreat Migration -Movement of African Americans from -Movement of African Americans from

rural south to cities in northrural south to cities in north► -Another major growth came to -Another major growth came to suburbssuburbs

-Areas within driving distance to major cities.-Areas within driving distance to major cities.► -Suburbs grew for 2 reasons:-Suburbs grew for 2 reasons:► 1.1. CarsCars► 2.2. More Money to buy homesMore Money to buy homes► -Both allowed people to move out of cities but still -Both allowed people to move out of cities but still

work therework there

American Heroes

• -1920’s saw America’s fascination with heroes• -4 major heroes of 1920’s• 1. Charles Lindbergh• -May 20, 1927• -25 year old “Lucky Lindy” flies his plane, “The Spirit of

St. Louis” nonstop from NY to Paris• -Flight takes 33 1/2 hours• -1st nonstop flight across Atlantic• -Receives Congressional Medal of Honor

Lindbergh and Spirit of St. Lindbergh and Spirit of St. LouisLouis

Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart

-Repeats Lindbergh’s -Repeats Lindbergh’s flight in 1932flight in 1932

-Also flies from -Also flies from California to HawaiiCalifornia to Hawaii

-Tries to fly around -Tries to fly around world but disappearsworld but disappears

Jack DempseyJack Dempsey

-Boxing champ of -Boxing champ of the world 1919-the world 1919-19261926

-First fight to sell -First fight to sell $1 million worth of $1 million worth of ticketstickets

Babe RuthBabe Ruth

-George Herman Ruth-George Herman Ruth -NY Yankee great-NY Yankee great -Sets Home Run record with 60 in 1927-Sets Home Run record with 60 in 1927 -Isn’t broken until 1961(Roger Maris)-Isn’t broken until 1961(Roger Maris) Had more home runs than all but 3 teams in the Had more home runs than all but 3 teams in the

league combined. Today that would be hitting league combined. Today that would be hitting more than 124 in a season.more than 124 in a season.

-Considered one of the greatest players ever -Considered one of the greatest players ever

Babe Ruth PicturesBabe Ruth Pictures

Mass MediaMass Media

-1920’s saw a growth of Hollywood-1920’s saw a growth of Hollywood -Also saw growth of -Also saw growth of mass mediamass media

– -Using print, radio, and TV to provide info to a -Using print, radio, and TV to provide info to a large # of peoplelarge # of people

-TV in 1950’s-TV in 1950’s -Cell Phones and Internet today-Cell Phones and Internet today

Movies

-1st movies began in 1890’s

-During 1920’s about 90 million people watched movies a week

-U.S. population only 125 million at the time

-1927 the 1st talking motion picture was released

-Called “The Jazz Singer’

Newspapers More and more people were reading newspapers Biggest newspaper chain was owned by William

Randolph Hearst [Citizen Kane] Biggest papers: New York Times San Francisco Examiner New York Journal Examiner and Journal owned by Hearst

RadioRadio 11stst radio station was KDKA in Pittsburgh radio station was KDKA in Pittsburgh -Growth of new music in 1920’s-Growth of new music in 1920’s -Influenced by African Americans-Influenced by African Americans -Called Jazz-Called Jazz -2/3 of all radio stations in 1920’s were -2/3 of all radio stations in 1920’s were

playing Jazzplaying Jazz -Major Jazz musician was Duke Ellington-Major Jazz musician was Duke Ellington -Major Jazz clubs were the Cotton Club and -Major Jazz clubs were the Cotton Club and

the Saratoga club, located in Harlem part the Saratoga club, located in Harlem part of NYCof NYC

-1920’s became known as the Jazz Age-1920’s became known as the Jazz Age

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance

-Harlem is a section of NYC-Harlem is a section of NYC -In 1920’s Harlem became center of culture-In 1920’s Harlem became center of culture -Especially for African Americans-Especially for African Americans -Became known as Harlem Renaissance-Became known as Harlem Renaissance -2 major writers of the Harlem Renaissance:-2 major writers of the Harlem Renaissance: James Weldon JohnsonJames Weldon Johnson Alain LockesAlain Lockes -Harlem became the social and cultural place to be in -Harlem became the social and cultural place to be in

the U.S. during Jazz Agethe U.S. during Jazz Age

Lost GenerationLost Generation

-Youth and writers of the 1920’s were called -Youth and writers of the 1920’s were called the Lost Generationthe Lost Generation

-2 famous writers of the Lost Generation-2 famous writers of the Lost Generation F. Scott Fitzgerald [The Great Gatsby]F. Scott Fitzgerald [The Great Gatsby] Ernest Hemingway [The Sun Also Rises]Ernest Hemingway [The Sun Also Rises]

Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway

F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald

ProhibitionProhibition

-18th Amendment becomes law on -18th Amendment becomes law on January 16, 1920January 16, 1920

-Makes alcohol illegal-Makes alcohol illegal -To enforce the amendment, the govt. -To enforce the amendment, the govt.

uses the uses the Volstead ActVolstead Act -Anything with 1/2 of 1% of alcohol -Anything with 1/2 of 1% of alcohol

was illegalwas illegal -Internal Revenue Service [IRS] -Internal Revenue Service [IRS]

enforced actenforced act

The MafiaThe Mafia

-18th Amendment created new criminals in -18th Amendment created new criminals in 1920’s1920’s

-Most people got their alcohol from -Most people got their alcohol from bootleggersbootleggers -Suppliers of illegal alcohol-Suppliers of illegal alcohol

-Illegal alcohol was sold in -Illegal alcohol was sold in speakeasiesspeakeasies -Secret bars during prohibition-Secret bars during prohibition

-Biggest and most powerful bootleggers and -Biggest and most powerful bootleggers and speakeasies were controlled by organized speakeasies were controlled by organized crime [Mafia]crime [Mafia]

-NYC & Chicago were centers for the Mob-NYC & Chicago were centers for the Mob

Al Capone

-Most famous gangster of the 1920’s was Al Capone

-Scarface -Made $60 million from

bootlegging

The UntouchablesThe Untouchables

Al Capone is finally brought down by Al Capone is finally brought down by special FBI/Treasury Dept. group special FBI/Treasury Dept. group called the Untouchables.called the Untouchables.

Group was led by Elliott NessGroup was led by Elliott Ness -Capone was convicted of tax -Capone was convicted of tax

evasion in 1931 and sent to Alcatrazevasion in 1931 and sent to Alcatraz

Elliott NessElliott Ness

The UntouchablesThe Untouchables

Charles “Lucky” Luciano Most famous gangster in NYC Created the “Commission” The Commission was made up of the heads of

NYC five mafia families. The Commission would meet to discuss problems

and work to prevent a mob war. Luciano was the head of the Commission and

leader of the US heroin trade Luciano is deported in 1946 to Italy.

Lucky Luciano

New York’s “Five Families” of the Mafia The Bonano or Bonnano Family The Columbo Family The Genovese Family The Gambino Family (John Gotti) The Lucchese Family

Scopes TrialScopes Trial

-John T. Scopes was arrested in Dayton TN. for teaching -John T. Scopes was arrested in Dayton TN. for teaching Charles Darwin’s Theory of EvolutiCharles Darwin’s Theory of Evolutionon– -Man evolved over time from other species [Not Apes]-Man evolved over time from other species [Not Apes]

-Illegal in TN. public schools to teach anything but -Illegal in TN. public schools to teach anything but CreationismCreationism – -God created man and Earth-God created man and Earth

-Scopes represented by Clarence Darrow-Scopes represented by Clarence Darrow -Tried by William Jennings Bryan-Tried by William Jennings Bryan -Found guilty and fined $100-Found guilty and fined $100 -1st trial broadcast on radio-1st trial broadcast on radio -Split the entire nation on ideas of religion and science-Split the entire nation on ideas of religion and science

Racial TensionsRacial Tensions

Summer of 1919 saw huge violence Summer of 1919 saw huge violence against African Americansagainst African Americans

-The bloodiest was in Chicago-The bloodiest was in Chicago -Called “Red Summer”-Called “Red Summer”

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan The Great Migration and racism allowed an old The Great Migration and racism allowed an old

group to gain power again.group to gain power again. 1915 William Simmons revives the KKK1915 William Simmons revives the KKK -Group was destroyed earlier by President U.S. -Group was destroyed earlier by President U.S.

GrantGrant -By 1924, 4 million new members-By 1924, 4 million new members -Began to show up in northern states as well-Began to show up in northern states as well -Carried out crimes against blacks, Jews, -Carried out crimes against blacks, Jews,

Catholics, and immigrantsCatholics, and immigrants -KKK marched on D.C. with 100,000-KKK marched on D.C. with 100,000 -KKK took control of 6 state govts.-KKK took control of 6 state govts. -Lost power and major support in 1927-Lost power and major support in 1927