chapter 10. © 2010 mcgraw-hill companies. all rights reserved. chemistry of alcohol psychoactive...

© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 10


Chemistry of Alcohol Psychoactive ingredient Depressant Ethyl Alcohol – only alcohol that can be consumed

Beer 3-6% alcohol by volume Malt Liquors 6-8% alcohol by volume Table wines 9-14% alcohol by volume

Fermenting Fortified wines 20% alcohol by volume

Sugar added Extra alcohol is added

Hard liquors 35-50% alcohol by volume Distilling or fermented

Proof Value Two times the percentage concentration

Ingestion 7calories per gram 1 drink 14-17 grams or 100-120 calories

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Absorption20% is rapidly absorbed from the stomach75% is absorbed in the upper small intestinesRemain is absorbed along the GI trackAbsorption

CarbonationFood in the stomach slows the absorptionDrink of high concentration slows absorptionEventually all the alcohol ingested will be

absorbed

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Metabolism and ExcretionTransported throughout the body via the

bloodstream.Easily moves through most biological

membranesMain site for metabolism is the Liver.2-20% of ingested alcohol is not metabolized.

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Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol ConcentrationBlood Alcohol Concentration(BAC)

A measure of intoxication Body weightPercentage of body fatSex

Balance of alcohol absorbed and rate of metabolismGenetic factorsDrinking BehaviorCan not be effected by

ExerciseBreathing deeplyEatingDrinking coffeeTaking other drugs

Metabolism is the same if the person is awake or asleep

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The Immediate Effects of Alcohol on HealthDependant on the individual.Low Concentrations .03% -.05%.Higher Concentrations 0.1% -0.2%.

Concentration of .35% and higher.Alcohol hangoverAlcohol poisoningUsing Alcohol with other drugs

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Drinking and DrivingIn 2004

250,000 were injured in alcohol related automobile crashes

42,000 people are killed in alcohol related accidents

Dose-response functionDriving with a BAC of 0.14% is more than 40 times more likely to be involved in a crash.Greater than 0.14% the risk of fatal crash is estimated to be 380 times higher.

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Figure 10.2 Approximate blood concentration and body weight

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The Effects of Chronic Use

Diseases of the digestive, cardiovascular systems and some cancers Digestive system

Liver function liver cell damage and destruction (cirrhosis) Cirrhosis causes drinker to lose Tolerance

Pancreas inflammation Cardiovascular system

moderate doses may reduce the risk of HD Higher doses elevates BP, may weaken heart muscle or cardiac

myopathy. Cancer

Mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus 5-6 total drinks

Responsible for the most common form of liver cancer Hepatitis speeds the growth of this cancer

Breast cancer Increase risk when 2-3 drinks per day

Brain Damage Cognitive impairments Memory loss, dementia, and compromised problem-solving Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Mortality Alcoholics average life expectancy is about 15 years less than non-alcoholics

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The Effects of Alcohol use During Pregnancy

Effects are dose-related.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Full-blown FAS occurs in up to 15 out of every 10,000 live births in the U.S.

Under weight, flat nasal bridge, and long upper lip. Small and have heart defects. Physical and mental growth is slowed. Remain

mentally impaired. Fine motor skill problems, coordination, learning and behavioral problems (ADS).

ARND Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder.

Heavier drinking early in pregnancy.13


Possible Health Benefits of AlcoholAbstainers and light to moderate drinkers live

longer than heavy users.35 years old and younger, your odds of dying

increase in proportion to the amount consumed

Moderate drinking = one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.May lower coronary heart disease.Raising blood levels of HDL.May lower risks of; diabetes, arterial blockages,

Alzheimer’s

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Alcohol Abuse and DependenceAlcohol abuse is recurrent use that has

negative consequences.Alcohol dependence or Alcoholism more

extensive problems, tolerance and withdrawalWarning signs of alcohol abuse

Drinking aloneUsing deliberately and repeatedlyFeeling uncomfortable on certain occasionsEscalating consumptionGetting drunk regularlyDrinking in the morning or unusual times

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Alcohol Abuse and DependenceBinge Drinking

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines: Pattern of alcohol use that brings a person’s BAC up to

0.08 or above (typically four drinks for a male or three for a women)within two hours.

National Survey on Drug Use and Health defines: Having five drinks in row for a man or four in a row for a

women within two hours.Frequent binge drinking in college were three to

seven times more likely than non-binge drinkers to engage in unplanned or unprotected sex

Healthy People 2010 Reduce the rate of binge drinking to 20% among college

students

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Table 10-2 The Effects of Binge Drinking on College Students

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AlcoholismPatterns and Prevalence

1. Regular daily intake of large amounts2. Regular heavy drinking limited to weekends3. Long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges

or daily heavy drinking4. Heavy drinking limited to periods of stress

Health Effects DTs (delirium tremens) paranoia

Social and Psychological effectsCauses of Alcoholism

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Treatment ProgramsNot one program works for everyone.

AA. 12-step program

Al-Anon.Employee Assistance.Inpatient hospital rehabilitationPharmacological treatments.

Disulfiram (Antabuse) Inhibits the metabolic breakdown

Naltrexone (ReVia, Depade) Reduces the craving for alcohol and decreases its

pleasant effects. Injectable Naltrexone (Vivtrol) – single monthly shot Acamprosate (Campral)

Acts on brain pathways related to alcohol abuse.

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Gender and Ethnic DifferencesMen

White American men“Other men”

WomenAfrican AmericansLatinosAsian AmericansAmerican Indians and Alaska NativesHelping Someone with an Alcohol Problem

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Table 10.4 Users and Abusers of Alcohol in the U.S.: 2007

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Drinking Behavior and ResponsibilityThinking about the environment.Examine your drinking behavior.

CAGE screening testDrink Moderately and responsiblyDrink slowlySpace your drinksEat before and while drinkingKnow your limits and your drinks

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Promote Responsible Drinking In Others

Encourage responsible attitudesBe a responsible hostHold the drinker responsibleLearn about prevention programsTake community action

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Chapter 10

chapter 10. © 2010 mcgraw-hill companies. all rights reserved. chemistry of alcohol psychoactive...

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