chapter 1 (multiple choice)—introduction to psychology€¦ · web viewthe word psychology...

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Test Bank for Psychology 6th Edition by NairneComplete downloadable file at:

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1. Psychology is defined as:a. the scientific investigation of thought processesb. the understanding of abnormal behaviorc. the scientific study of behavior and mindd. the study of mental illness and inner feelings

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

2. The word psychology comes from the Greek psyche, which translates as:a. humanb. mindc. sould. behavior


3. Pavlov was:a. a famous Greek philosopherb. a trained psychologistc. not famed in psychologyd. not a trained psychologist

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

4. Before the field of psychology became an independent science, the study of the mind was conducted mainly by:a. philosophers and physiologistsb. psychiatrists and philosophersc. physiologists and psychiatristsd. scientists and physicians

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

5. Psychology and philosophy may deal with similar issues, but psychology:a. emphasizes the use of the scientific methodb. developed before philosophyc. studies only behavior, not the mindd. studies abnormal behavior rather than normal behavior

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

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6. Psychologists separate behavior from mind in defining psychology because:a. only behavior can be studied scientificallyb. only behavior can be directly measured by an objective observerc. only the mind can be studied scientificallyd. modern psychology focuses on the study of behavior, rather than the study of

mental events

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

7. Psychologists use the term behavior to refer:a. only to obvious actions, such as moving about or talkingb. only to physiological processes, such as the activity of the brain cellsc. to anything that can be observed and measured in a systematic wayd. to anything people or animals do or experience


8. The general job description of a psychologist can be divided into three main categories. Which of the following is NOT one of them?a. applied psychologistb. eclectic psychologistc. clinical psychologistd. research psychologist

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Defining and Describing Psychology MSC: New

9. A clinical psychologist:a. extends the principles of psychology to practical, everyday problems in the real worldb. conducts experiments in an attempt to discover the basic principles of behavior and mindc. is a medical doctor specializing in psychological problemsd. diagnoses and treats psychological problems

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: What Psychologists Do

10. Which of the following is NOT true about clinical psychologists?a. they work in clinics or in private practiceb. they have a Ph.D. in psychologyc. they routinely prescribe medicationsd. they diagnose and treats psychological problems

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: What Psychologists Do

11. Which of the following is NOT true about clinical psychologists?a. They work in clinics or in private practice.b. They have a medical degree.c. They diagnose psychological problems.

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d. They treat psychological problems.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: What Psychologists Do

12. Rueben is a clinical psychologist. While he is at work, Rueben probably spends time:a. using scientific principles to solve practical, everyday problemsb. delivering human services such as psychotherapy or counselingc. prescribing medications to patients to treat mental illnessd. working with students in primary and secondary schools

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists Do

13. Danielle is a counseling psychologist. While she is at work, Danielle probably spends time:a. solving practical problems in the real worldb. trying to discover basic principles of behavior and mindc. working with individuals who have psychological disordersd. providing advice on adjustment problems

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists Do

14. Harry works in a clinic where he often helps couples work through adjustment problems. Harry would most likely be classified as:a. an applied psychologistb. a counseling psychologistc. a clinical psychologistd. a psychiatrist


15. Juan is a counseling psychologist, and his sister Carmen is a clinical psychologist. The main difference between them would be that Juan:a. typically sees patients who have more severe problems than the patients Carmen seesb. can prescribe drugs in most states, while Carmen cannot prescribe drugsc. typically sees patients who have less severe problems than the patients Carmen seesd. cannot prescribe drugs, while Carmen can prescribe drugs in most states

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists DoMSC: New

16. A psychiatrist is:a. someone who can train psychologists but not practice independentlyb. someone who extends psychological principles to practical, everyday problemsc. someone who uses experiments to discover basic principles of behavior and mindd. someone with a medical degree specializing in psychological problems


17. A medical doctor specializing in psychological problems is also called:

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a. a clinical psychologistb. a psychiatristc. an applied psychologistd. a research psychologist


18. Dan is a psychiatrist. While he is at work, Dan probably spends time:a. prescribing drugs for patients with psychological problemsb. working with engineers on the design of new productsc. using scientific principles to solve practical, everyday problemsd. conducting experiments or collecting and analyzing data

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists Do

19. Stanley just graduated from medical school and plans to specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. Stanley would most likely be classified as:a. a clinical psychologistb. an applied psychologistc. a research psychologistd. a psychiatrist


20. Margaret works in a clinic, and often has clients with mental disorders referred to her so that appropriate mediation can be prescribed. Margaret would most likely be classified as:a. a clinical psychologistb. a psychiatristc. an applied psychologistd. a research psychologist


21. An applied psychologist:a. diagnoses and treats psychological problemsb. extends the principles of psychology to practical, everyday problems in the real worldc. conducts experiments in an attempt to discover the basic principles of behavior and mindd. is a medical doctor specializing in psychological problems


22. A psychologist who extends the principles of psychology to practical, everyday problems in the real world would be:a. a clinical psychologistb. a research psychologist

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c. an eclectic psychologistd. an applied psychologist


23. Inez is an applied psychologist, while her brother Estefan is a research psychologist. The main difference between what they do is that:a. Inez studies the basic principles of behavior, while Estefan works on solving practical

everyday problemsb. when performing psychotherapy, Inez can prescribe drugs while Estefan cannotc. Inez works on solving practical everyday problems, while Estefan studies the basic

principles of behaviord. when performing psychotherapy, Inez cannot prescribe drugs but Estefan can

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists DoMSC: New

24. Maxine is an applied psychologist. While she is at work, Maxine probably spends time:a. treating abnormal behavior or providing advice on adjustment problemsb. trying to discover basic principles of behavior and mind through scientific experimentsc. solving practical problems in the real world, using principles of scientific psychologyd. studying how behavior and mental processes change over the course of a lifetime

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists Do

25. School psychologists help identify children with learning disabilities or other problems that affect education, and they develop plans for helping these children perform well in school. School psychologists are one type of:a. clinical psychologistb. eclectic psychologistc. applied psychologistd. counseling psychologist

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: What Psychologists Do

26. Elena is a psychologist who works with the FBI to improve methods of interviewing eyewitnesses to crimes. Elena would most likely be classified as:a. an organizational psychologistb. a forensic psychologistc. an industrial psychologistd. a human factors psychologist

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MSC: New

27. Signet Air recently hired a psychologist to help redesign the cockpit of a new aircraft. The goal is to reduce the probability of pilot error in reading the instrument panel. The psychologist the company hired is most likely:a. a human factors psychologistb. a social psychologistc. a developmental psychologistd. an industrial/organizational psychologist


28. Human factors psychologists:a. work with industry to train new recruits and establish effective lines of employee

communicationb. work with students in primary and secondary schoolsc. work on the design and engineering of new productsd. are concerned with the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across situations

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: What Psychologists Do

29. An automaker moved the location of the horn to a lever on the steering column for one of its car models, when they introduced air bags. It was later found that motorists were confused by the new location of the horn, and often flicked the wipers or turned on the lights, instead of sounding the horn. The company asked a psychologist to help solve this design problem. The psychologist the company hired to help is most likely:a. a social psychologistb. a developmental psychologistc. an industrial/organizational psychologistd. a human factors psychologist


30. The intensity of the lights in Jim’s car increases when he pushes a control lever up, and decreases when he pushes the same control lever down. Using natural mappings like these in design is a principle favored by:a. functionalistsb. psychoanalytic psychologistsc. human factors psychologistsd. social psychologists

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists Do

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31. A psychologist who conducts experiments in an attempt to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind would be:a. a research psychologistb. a clinical psychologistc. an applied psychologistd. a psychiatrist

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: What Psychologists Do

32. Which of the following would NOT be a type of applied psychologist?a. a school psychologistb. an industrial/organizational psychologistc. a human factors psychologistd. a developmental psychologist

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: What Psychologists DoMSC: New

33. Martin is a psychologist who is currently conducting experiments in an attempt to understand how physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior. Martin would most likely be classified as:a. a clinical psychologistb. an applied psychologistc. a psychiatristd. a research psychologist


34. Anne is a psychologist who is currently collecting data in an attempt to understand how people influence and relate to each other. Anne would most likely be classified as:a. a clinical psychologistb. a research psychologistc. an applied psychologistd. a psychiatrist


35. You are scheduled to take part in an experiment examining basic processes in memory and reasoning. The psychologist in charge is most likely:a. a research psychologistb. an applied psychologistc. a clinical psychologistd. a school psychologist


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36. Daniel is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should expect that Daniel is most interested in:a. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across various situationsb. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behaviorc. how people relate to each other and influence each otherd. how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime


37. Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect that Larry is most interested in:a. understanding mental processes such as memory and learningb. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behaviorc. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across various situationsd. how people relate to each other and influence each other


38. June is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that June is most interested in:a. how people relate to each other and influence each otherb. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behaviorc. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across various situationsd. how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime


39. Which of the following is TRUE regarding psychology and the topic of remembering classroom material, according to the “Practical Solutions” section of Chapter 1?a. Psychologists have had little to say about successful learning and retention.b. What psychology has discovered about learning and retention confirms conventional

wisdom.c. Psychologists have studied learning in the laboratory but not in the classroom.d. What psychology has discovered about learning and retention flies in the face of

conventional wisdom.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Practical SolutionsMSC: New

40. The Practical Solutions section of Chapter 1 describes the results of research on learning and memory. Which of the following statements LEAST matches the results of that research?a. Repeated reading of material does little to improve comprehension.

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b. Repeated reading of material is the most efficient way to memorize the material.c. Repeated testing improves the actual comprehension of material.d. Repeated testing leads to better memory for information than repeated reading.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Practical SolutionsMSC: New

41. The Practical Solutions section of Chapter 1 describes the results of research on learning and memory. Which of the following statements BEST matches the results of that research? a. Repeated reading of material greatly enhances comprehension of the material.b. Repeated reading of material is the best way to improve memory for the material.c. Repeated testing is better than repeated reading when trying to improve memory.d. Repeated testing does little to improve the comprehension of material.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Practical SolutionsMSC: New

42. A friend is asking you the best way to study for an upcoming biology test. Based on what you’ve learned from the Practical Solutions section of Chapter 1, you would MOST likely say: a. test yourself on the material several times, and be sure to check if your answers are rightb. outline the material as you read; it’s the best way to improve memoryc. test yourself on the material several times; it doesn’t matter if your answers are rightd. repeatedly read the material; it’s the best way to improve memory

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Practical SolutionsMSC: New

43. A friend says “I have a biology test next week, and the professor says we need to comprehend the material, not just know it. What’s the best way to study?” Based on what you’ve learned from the Practical Solutions section of Chapter 1, you would MOST likely say: a. repeatedly read the material; it’s the best way to improve comprehensionb. outline the material as your read; it’s the best way to improve comprehensionc. test yourself on the material several times; it doesn’t matter if your answers are rightd. test yourself on the material several times, and be sure to check if your answers are right

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Practical SolutionsMSC: New

44. The intellectual roots of modern psychology lie in the disciplines of:a. mathematics and philosophyb. philosophy and physiologyc. biology and physicsd. anthropology and sociology

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Science of Psychology

45. Which of the following people first argued that the mind is a kind of tabula rasa or blank tablet?a. René Descartesb. John Watsonc. Platod. Aristotle

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ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Science of Psychology

46. The term tabula rasa is translated into which of the following English phrases?a. red tableb. infinite numberc. blank tabletd. full container

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Science of Psychology

47. Empiricism is the view that:a. knowledge comes directly from experienceb. certain kinds of knowledge and ideas are innatec. the focus for psychology should be the study of conscious experienced. the mind arises entirely from the physical properties of the brain

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Science of Psychology

48. With respect to emotional development, Dr. Pendergrast has an empiricist view. This means that Dr. Pendergrast is most likely to believe that:a. certain aspects of emotional expression are innateb. researchers should be most concerned with the function emotions servec. to understand emotions fully, researchers must understand each component of emotional

expressiond. experience determines which emotions an individual will eventually display

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Science of Psychology

49. Dr. Cline believes that experience determines which specific aspects of language an individual will eventually master. With respect to language development, Dr. Cline takes:a. a nativist approachb. an empiricist approachc. a functionalist approachd. a structuralist approach

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Science of Psychology

50. Dr. Greene believes that experience determines the degree and form of intelligence an individual will eventually display. With respect to intelligence, Dr. Greene takes:a. a nativist approachb. a functionalist approachc. an empiricist approach

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d. a structuralist approach

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Science of Psychology

51. In describing the relationship between the mind and the body, René Descartes argued that:a. the mind and body are separateb. the mind and body are one and the samec. the mind is of greater importance than the bodyd. the body is of greater importance than the mind

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Mind and Body

52. Frieda knows how the environment produces physical reactions in the nervous system that then produce brain activity. What she has trouble understanding is how cellular activity becomes consciousness, emotion, or knowledge. Frieda is considering the:a. cognitive revolutionb. structuralist-functionalist debatec. nature-nurture problemd. mind-body problem

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Mind and Body

53. René Descartes introduced the notion of the:a. tabula rasab. structuralist approachc. reflex arcd. natural selection of behaviors

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Mind and BodyMSC: New

54. Who was the first person to introduce the concept of the reflex, an automatic, involuntary reaction of the body?a. Aristotleb. Johannes Müllerc. René Descartesd. Thomas Hobbes

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Mind and Body

55. With respect to the mind-body problem, most modern psychologists:a. argue that the mind and body must be kept separateb. assume that the mind is of greater importance than the bodyc. assume that the body is of greater importance than the mindd. reject the separation of mind and body

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ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Mind and Body

56. Nativism is the view that:a. day-to-day experiences determine what one knows and what is potentially knowableb. certain kinds of knowledge and ideas are in place at birthc. the proper focus for psychology should be the study of immediate conscious experienced. the mind arises entirely from the physical properties of the brain

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Mind and Body

57. The view that certain kinds of knowledge and ideas are inborn is:a. empiricismb. functionalismc. nativismd. structuralism

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and Nurture

58. Immanuel Kant is most closely associated with which of the following?a. structuralismb. empiricismc. behaviorismd. nativism

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and Nurture

59. Dr. Adelbeck believes that certain aspects of emotional expression are innate. With respect to emotional development, Dr. Adelbeck takes:a. an empiricist approachb. a nativist approachc. a functionalist approachd. a structuralist approach

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Nature and Nurture

60. Dr. Sachs believes that certain aspects of personality are innate. With respect to personality development, Dr. Sachs takes:a. an empiricist approachb. a nativist approachc. a functionalist approachd. a structuralist approach


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61. “Nurture” in the nature-nurture issue refers to:a. the influence of experienceb. the unconscious mindc. innate factors that influence behaviord. Gestalt influences on behavior

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and Nurture

62. In the nature-nurture debate, the role of experience would refer to:a. natureb. neither nature nor nurturec. nurtured. the interaction of nature and nurture

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

63. With respect to language development, Dr. Simpson has a nativist view. This means that Dr. Simpson is most likely to believe that:a. experience determines which aspects of language an individual will eventually masterb. certain aspects of language are innatec. researchers should be less concerned with the structure of language and more concerned

with the function it servesd. to understand language fully, researchers must understand each of its component parts


64. With respect to intelligence, Dr. Hill has a nativist view. This means that Dr. Hill is most likely to believe that:a. experience determines the degree and form of intelligence an individual will eventually

displayb. researchers should be less concerned with the structure of intelligence and more concerned

with the function it servesc. to understand intelligence fully, researchers must understand each of its component partsd. certain aspects of intelligence are innate

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Nature and Nurture

65. Gestalt psychologists would most likely agree with the:a. philosophical position known as nativismb. behavioral position on learningc. philosophical position known as empiricism

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d. psychoanalytic position on learning

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

66. Gestalt psychologists developed a set of principles of perception they proposed:a. were innateb. could be altered by experiencec. were learnedd. could not be studied empirically

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

67. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one by a psychologist who proposed a set of innate principles of perception. The book was most likely written by a(n):a. psychoanalystb. Gestalt psychologistc. behavioristd. Eclectic psychologist

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

68. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by a Gestalt psychologist. The book was is most likely about:a. a set of learned principles of perceptionb. psychoanalysisc. a set of innate principles of perceptiond. natural selection

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

69. The concept of natural selection was proposed by:a. Darwinb. Freudc. Watsond. James

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

70. Darwin’s theory of evolution is most closely related to:a. the empiricist positionb. the structuralist viewc. the nativist positiond. the eclectic view

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Nature and Nurture

71. Today, virtually all psychologists accept that psychological characteristics, such as intelligence, emotion, and personality:a. are influenced by genetic factorsb. are determined almost exclusively by experiencec. are hardwired into the brain during early developmentd. can be linked to specific cells or structures within the brain

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nature and Nurture

72. It is likely that:a. only nurture serves the purpose of adaptationb. only nature serves the purpose of adaptationc. nature and nurture work together to serve the purpose of adaptationd. neither nature nor nurture serve the purpose of adaptation

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Nature and NurtureMSC: New

73. If you believe “nature” in the nature-nurture controversy is most important, you are most likely to agree that:a. Aristotle and the empiricists were correct to say the mind is a tabula rasa at birth.b. personality is determined more by one’s genes than by one’s early childhood experiencesc. people who are violent probably became that way because of violence in their

environmentd. sex differences in behavior are mostly due to cultural beliefs about how males and females

should act

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Nature and Nurture

74. The person who is traditionally recognized as the founder of modern psychology is:a. William Jamesb. Wilhelm Wundtc. Sigmund Freudd. John Watson

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Schools

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75. The Psychology Department is located in a building named after the founder of scientific psychology. The name of the building must be:a. Wundt Hallb. Titchener Hallc. James Halld. Freud Hall

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First Schools

76. Psychology was first established as an independent discipline in:a. the first century when Greek philosophers questioned the nature of the human soulb. 1892 when G. Stanley Hall founded the American Psychological Associationc. 1956 when Chomsky, Miller, and Simon showed that cognitive processes could be studied

using empirical methodsd. 1879 when Wundt established a research laboratory to study conscious experience

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Schools

77. The goal in structuralism is to:a. understand the purpose of immediate conscious experienceb. understand immediate conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elementsc. discover how changes in the environment can lead to changes in measurable behaviord. understand how memories and mental process produce problem behavior


78. The scientific approach that is concerned with understanding immediate conscious experience through understanding all its constituent parts is:a. functionalismb. behaviorismc. structuralismd. nativism

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Schools

79. Who of the following is most clearly linked with the structuralist view in psychology?a. William Jamesb. Wilhelm Wundtc. John Watsond. Sigmund Freud


80. Which of the following people is most clearly linked with the structuralist view in psychology?a. William Jamesb. Edward Titchener

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c. John Watsond. Sigmund Freud

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

81. Wilhelm Wundt is most clearly linked with:a. the functionalist view in psychologyb. the structuralist view in psychologyc. the nativist view in psychologyd. the humanistic view in psychology


82. Edward Titchener is most clearly linked with:a. the functionalist view in psychologyb. the structuralist view in psychologyc. the nativist view in psychologyd. the humanistic view in psychology


83. Titchener, a structuralist, proposed that:a. unconscious impulses controlled behaviorb. immediate experience could be broken down into elementsc. discovering the nature of stimulus-response associations could explain behaviord. conscious experience was more than the sum of its parts


84. Dr. Kendle believes that the best way to understand complex processes, such as taste, is to break the processes down into their component parts. Dr. Kendle’s views are consistent with the:a. functionalist approach to psychologyb. behavioral approach to psychologyc. structuralist approach to psychologyd. nativist approach to psychology

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The First Schools

85. Dr. Lehman believes that it is necessary to break complex processes, such as vision, down into separate component parts if we are to truly understand them. Dr. Lehman’s views are consistent with the:a. functionalist approach to psychologyb. behavioral approach to psychologyc. structuralist approach to psychologyd. nativist approach to psychology

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The First Schools

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86. Systematic introspection was used as an investigative technique by researchers who followed:a. the functionalist view of psychological researchb. uncover the basic elements that made-up the mindc. the psychoanalytic view of psychological researchd. the structuralist view of psychological research


87. The psychological perspective that primarily relied on systematic introspection as a method of observation and data collection was:a. structuralismb. functionalismc. nativismd. humanism

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Schools

88. Systematic introspection was used by the structuralists to:a. discover how unconscious impulses controlled behaviorb. uncover the basic elements that made-up the mindc. show how stimulus-response associations could explain behaviord. demonstrate that conscious experience was more than the sum of its parts

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

89. To uncover the basic elements of the mind, the structuralist used the method known as:a. client-centered therapyb. guided insightc. systematic introspectiond. functional determinism

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

90. Which of the following questions would most interest a structuralist?a. What is the purpose of friendship?b. What are the basic elements of friendship?c. How does the unconscious influence friendship?d. How does external reinforcement affect friendship?


91. Miranda is listening to a piece of music and tape-recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Miranda is using an investigative technique known as:a. systematic introspectionb. guided insightc. client-centered therapy

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d. functional determinism

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The First Schools

92. Dmitri is studying an abstract painting. As he studies the painting, he is recording all his impressions and feelings as soon as he experiences them. Dmitri’s technique for understanding his conscious experience of the painting is known as:a. guided insightb. systematic introspectionc. client-centered therapyd. functional determinism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The First Schools

93. Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection was extremely influential in the development of:a. structuralismb. psychoanalytic psychologyc. functionalismd. humanistic psychology


94. The goal in functionalism is to:a. understand the purpose of immediate conscious experienceb. understand immediate conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elementsc. discover how changes in the environment can lead to changes in measurable behaviord. understand how memories and mental processes produce problem behavior


95. The scientific approach that is concerned with understanding the purpose of immediate conscious experience is:a. functionalismb. structuralismc. behaviorismd. nativism


96. Who of the following is most closely linked with the functionalist view in psychology?a. Wilhelm Wundtb. John Watsonc. William Jamesd. Sigmund Freud


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97. William James is most closely linked with:a. the structuralist view in psychologyb. the nativist view in psychologyc. the humanistic view in psychologyd. the functionalist view in psychology


98. Which of the following questions would most interest a functionalist?a. What is the purpose of friendship?b. What are the basic elements of friendship?c. How does the unconscious influence friendship?d. How does external reinforcement affect friendship?

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

99. Dr. Evans believes that in order to fully understand complex processes such as taste, we need to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Evans’ views are consistent with the:a. structuralist approach to psychologyb. functionalist approach to psychologyc. behavioral approach to psychologyd. nativist approach to psychology

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The First Schools

100. Dr. Gephardt believes that it is not possible to fully understand vision using only the summation of sensory experiences. Instead, Dr. Gephardt believes we must also understand the purpose vision plays in survival and adaptation. This view is most consistent with the:a. functionalist approach to psychologyb. structuralist approach to psychologyc. behavioral approach to psychologyd. nativist approach to psychology

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The First Schools

101. The goal in behaviorism is to:a. discover how changes in the environment can lead to changes in measurable behaviorb. understand immediate conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elementsc. understand the purpose of immediate conscious experienced. understand how memories and mental processes produce problem behavior


102. The scientific approach that is concerned with discovering how changes in the environment can lead to changes in measurable behavior is:a. structuralism

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b. functionalismc. nativismd. behaviorism


103. The following name most closely linked with the behaviorist view in psychology is:a. Wilhelm Wundtb. William Jamesc. Sigmund Freudd. John Watson


104. The following name most clearly linked with the behaviorist view in psychology is:a. Wilhelm Wundtb. William Jamesc. Sigmund Freudd. B.F. Skinner


105. John Watson is most clearly linked with:a. the structuralist view in psychologyb. the behaviorist view in psychologyc. the psychoanalytic view in psychologyd. the nativist view in psychology


106. John Watson advocated that the goal of scientific research should be to: a. discover how unconscious impulses controlled behaviorb. uncover the basic elements that made-up the mindc. show how changes in the environment lead to changes in behaviord. demonstrate that conscious experience was more than the sum of its parts

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

107. John Watson felt that: a. mental events cannot be publicly observed and fall outside the domain of scienceb. the goal of psychology should be to uncover basic elements that made-up the mindc. mental events can be observed and examine through systematic introspectiond. the goal of psychology should be to uncover how people can reach their full potential

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

108. B.F. Skinner is most clearly linked with:a. the structuralist view in psychologyb. the behaviorist view in psychologyc. the psychoanalytic view in psychologyd. the nativist view in psychology


109. The person who advocated the view that psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior, rather than the study of conscious experience, was:a. William Jamesb. John Deweyc. John Watsond. Edward Titchener


110. One of the main objections to the study of conscious experiences raised by psychologists who followed the behavioral perspective was that conscious experiences:a. are not directly observable and therefore cannot be verifiedb. have no impact on current behaviorc. cannot be understood separately from the context in which they occurd. will be different for each individual who is studied


111. Dr. Richardson believes that the best way to make sense of human behavior is to look for links between how changes in the environment lead to observable responses to those changes. Dr. Richardson’s views are consistent with the:a. structuralist approach to psychologyb. functionalist approach to psychologyc. nativist approach to psychologyd. behavioral approach to psychology

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First Schools

112. Ruth believes that individuals learn to be aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Ruth’s view is most consistent with the:a. structuralist approach to psychologyb. nativist view of psychologyc. behavioral approach to psychologyd. psychoanalytic view of psychology

22


ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First Schools

113. Which of the following questions would most interest a behaviorist?a. What is the purpose of friendship?b. What are the basic elements of friendship?c. How does the unconscious influence friendship?d. How does external reinforcement affect friendship?

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

114. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by John Watson. The book was is most likely about:a. a set of innate principles of perceptionb. psychoanalysisc. how environmental changes effect behaviord. natural selection


115. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by a behaviorist. The book is most likely about:a. a set of learned principles of perceptionb. how environmental changes effect behaviorc. a set of innate principles of perceptiond. natural selection and adaptation


116. An auction house is about to sell a first edition of a book arguing psychology should not study consciousness, but should emphasize the study of environmental changes and how they affect behavior. The book was most likely written by:a. William Jamesb. Abraham Maslowc. Wilhelm Wundtd. John Watson

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The First SchoolsMSC: New

117. You are reading a book about how actions are changed by reinforcement. The book was most likely written by:a. William James

23


b. Abraham Maslowc. B. F. Skinnerd. Carl Rogers


118. As psychology emerged as a discipline, the focus of psychological research shifted from:a. structuralism to functionalism to behaviorismb. functionalism to structuralism to behaviorismc. behaviorism to functionalism to structuralismd. structuralism to behaviorism to functionalism


119. Which of the following pairings is incorrect?a. John Watson: behaviorismb. Sigmund Freud: functionalismc. Wilhelm Wundt: structuralismd. William James: functionalism


120. Which of the following pairings is correct?a. B.F. Skinner: structuralismb. Abraham Maslow: behaviorismc. Wilhelm Wundt: functionalismd. Sigmund Freud: psychoanalysis

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

121. The psychoanalytic view in psychology is most clearly associated with:a. Carl Rogersb. Sigmund Freudc. John B. Watsond. Max Wertheimer

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the Humanists

122. Sigmund Freud was associated with which of the following schools of psychology?a. behaviorismb. functionalismc. structuralismd. none of these choices

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the Humanists

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123. One of Sigmund Freud’s most distinctive departures from the prevailing attitudes in psychology was his emphasis on:a. systematic introspection as a tool to understanding human natureb. finding the links between observable behavior and environmental stimulic. the conscious experience of everyday eventsd. the unconscious determinants of behavior

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the Humanists 124. According to Sigmund Freud, the unconscious:

a. is less important in understanding behavior than consciousnessb. can be accessed directly through conscious introspectionc. contains memories and urges that control behaviord. does not exist

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

125. Who pioneered the analysis of dreams and slips of the tongue to understand the motivation behind behavior?a. Sigmund Freudb. Wilhelm Wundtc. Carl Rogersd. William James

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

126. Dewayne plans to focus his studies on the unconscious determinants of behavior. His interests are most similar to which of the following:a. Wilhelm Wundtb. Aristotlec. Sigmund Freudd. William James

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the Humanists

127. Which of the following questions would most interest a psychoanalyst?a. What is the purpose of friendship?b. What are the basic elements of friendship?c. How does the unconscious influence friendship?d. How does external reinforcement affect friendship?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

128. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by Sigmund Freud. The book was is most likely about:a. a set of innate principles of perception

25


b. psychoanalysisc. how environmental changes effect behaviord. natural selection

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

129. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by a psychoanalyst. The book is most likely about:a. a method for examining the unconsciousb. how environmental changes effect behaviorc. a set of innate principles of perceptiond. natural selection and adaptation

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

130. An auction house is about to sell a first edition of a book arguing psychology should not study consciousness, but should emphasize the study of how the unconscious memories and urges effect behavior. The book was most likely written by:a. William Jamesb. Abraham Maslowc. Wilhelm Wundtd. Sigmund Freud

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

131. A major difference between Watson’s behaviorism and Freud’s psychoanalysis is that behaviorism stresses:a. the function of the mind, but psychoanalysis stresses the potential for growthb. observable behavior, but psychoanalysis stresses unconscious urgesc. the potential for growth, but psychoanalysis stresses unconscious urgesd. biological activity, but psychoanalysis stresses observable behavior

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the Humanists

132. Gerard believes that individuals act aggressively toward each other as a result of unconscious motives and conflicts. Gerard’s view is most consistent with the:a. psychoanalytic view of psychologyb. structuralist approach to psychologyc. nativist view of psychologyd. behavioral approach to psychology

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Freud and the Humanists

133. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with:a. behavioral psychology

26


b. psychoanalysisc. humanismd. structuralism

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the Humanists

134. Humanistic psychologists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, focused on:a. unconscious animalistic urgesb. hidden conflicts that motivate human behaviorc. systematic introspection as a tool to understanding human natured. humans’ unique capacity for self-awareness and growth


135. Carl Rogers was associated with which of the following schools of psychology:a. behaviorismb. functionalismc. structuralismd. none of these choices


136. Abraham Maslow was associated with which of the following schools of psychology?a. behaviorismb. functionalismc. structuralismd. none of these choices


137. Which of the following pairings is incorrect?a. B.F. Skinner: behaviorismb. Abraham Maslow: functionalismc. Carl Rogers: humanismd. Wilhelm Wundt: structuralism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the Humanists

138. Which of the following pairings is correct?a. Abraham Maslow: humanistic psychologyb. B.F. Skinner: structuralismc. Wilhelm Wundt: functionalismd. Sigmund Freud: behavioral psychology

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the Humanists MSC: New

139. Which of the following pairings is correct?a. Carl Rogers: humanistic psychology

27


b. B.F. Skinner: structuralismc. Wilhelm Wundt: functionalismd. Sigmund Freud: behavioral psychology

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

140. A capacity for self-awareness and personal growth is associated most closely with:a. psychoanalysisb. empiricismc. cognitive psychologyd. humanistic psychology


141. Anthony wants to study the capacity for self-awareness and personal growth. Anthony is studying which of the following approaches to psychology?a. psychodynamicb. humanisticc. culturald. cognitive

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the Humanists

142. Which of the following questions would most interest a humanistic psychologist?a. How does the unconscious influence friendship?b. What are the basic elements of friendship?c. How does friendship enhance personal growth?d. How does external reinforcement affect friendship?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

143. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by Carl Rogers. The book was is most likely about:a. the individual’s unique capacity for growthb. psychoanalysisc. how environmental changes effect behaviord. natural selection


144. The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by Abraham Maslow. The book was is most likely about:a. the individual’s unique capacity for growthb. psychoanalysisc. how environmental changes effect behavior

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d. natural selection


145. Calkins and Washburn are notable for:a. establishing the first psychology laboratoryb. developing humanistic psychologyc. first studying cross-cultural differences in behaviord. being among the first female psychologists

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology

146. The first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association was:a. Mary Whiton Calkinsb. Anna Freudc. Margaret Floy Washburnd. Lillien Martin

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology

147. The person who developed the paired-associate learning technique for studying memory was:a. Helen Thompson Wooleyb. Ruth Howardc. Christine Ladd-Franklind. Mary Whiton Calkins

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology

148. Which of the following women helped to pioneer the study of sex differences?a. Lillien Martinb. Helen Thompson Wooleyc. Mary Whiton Calkinsd. Margaret Floy Washburn

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology

149. Which of the following women is known for her early work on color vision?a. Lillien Martinb. Christine Ladd-Franklinc. Mary Whiton Calkins

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d. Margaret Floy Washburn


150. Helen Thompson Wooley is best known for which of the following?a. helped to pioneer the study of sex differencesb. helped to pioneer the study of ethnic differencesc. helped to pioneer the study of memoryd. helped to pioneer the study of women in psychology


151. The first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was:a. Ruth Howardb. Helen Thompson Wooleyc. Martha Bernald. Margaret Floy Washburn


152. Ruth Howard is best known for:a. being the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychologyb. being the first Latina woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychologyc. being the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychologyd. being the first Native American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology

153. Martha Bernal is best known for:a. being the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychologyb. being the first Latina woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychologyc. being the first African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychologyd. being the first Native American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology


154. The first Latina woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was:a. Ruth Howardb. Helen Thompson Wooleyc. Martha Bernald. Margaret Floy Washburn

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology

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155. Margaret Floy Washburn, Wilhelm Wundt, and Edward Titchener conducted research according to a:a. behavioral approachb. gestalt approachc. functionalist approachd. structuralist approach

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The First Women in Psychology MSC: New

156. Most modern psychologists use a variety of perspectives when studying behavior. In other words, modern psychology uses:a. a structuralist approachb. a functionalist approachc. an eclectic approachd. a behaviorist approach

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

157. In trying to understand behavior and mental processes, the majority of modern psychologists:a. strictly adhere to one of the major schools of thoughtb. have adopted an eclectic approachc. have abandoned the behavioral approach and adopted a humanistic approachd. rely on biological or genetic models

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

158. When Seymour asked his psychology professor which approach she took in her research, she said she had an eclectic approach. This means that Seymour’s professor:a. focuses on the unconscious, rather than the conscious determinants of behaviorb. investigates the ways in which nature and nurture interact to influence behaviorc. doesn’t rely entirely on one perspective and uses methods from a variety of approachesd. studies both the structure and the function of conscious experience

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

159. Brenda is a clinical psychologist who uses a behavioral approach when she is treating a client with a phobia. However, Brenda takes more of a humanistic approach when she is treating a client who has low self-esteem and self-confidence. Brenda’s approach to therapy would most accurately be described as:a. eclecticb. behavioral-cognitive

31


c. functionalistd. psychoanalytic

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

160. In the 1950s a new approach emerged in psychology that refocused research on conscious experience and mental events. This new approach was known as:a. the behavioral revolutionb. the humanistic revolutionc. the cognitive revolutiond. the psychoanalytic revolution

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Cognitive Factors

161. By the late 1950s, many psychological researchers began to shift away from:a. a strict focus on cognitive processes, and focus instead on behaviorismb. behaviorism, focusing instead on a humanistic view of human naturec. structuralism and functionalism, and focus instead on behaviorismd. behaviorism, and focus instead on cognitive processes

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Cognitive Factors

162. The development of the computer was a key factor in the beginning of:a. evolutionary psychologyb. cognitive psychologyc. genetic mappingd. cultural psychology

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Cognitive FactorsMSC: New

163. Cognitive psychologists tend to develop explanations for behavior that are based on:a. linking observable behavior with environmental stimulib. unconscious motivationc. information-processing systemsd. genetic mapping and biological processes

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Cognitive Factors

164. Improvements in technology have led to advances in the cognitive approach and the:a. psychoanalytic approachb. biological approachc. cultural approachd. behaviorist approach

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ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Biological Factors

165. Advances in technology that allow researchers to create active images of the brain as information is processed have helped to advance psychologists’ understanding of:a. cross-cultural differences in intelligenceb. the unconscious aspects of thought and behaviorc. the ways in which nature and nurture interact to affect behaviord. the biological underpinnings of behavior

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Biological Factors

166. By focusing their attention on the environment, the behaviorists ignore the contribution of:a. nature to behaviorb. empiricism to behaviorc. nurture to behaviord. learning to behavior

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary PsychologyMSC: New

167. The rise of behaviorism was aided by continuing attacks on the theory developed by:a. William Jamesb. Charles Darwinc. John Watsond. Abraham Maslow

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary PsychologyMSC: New

168. Evolutionary psychology explores the influence of natural selection and:a. shared values and customsb. changes in brain chemistryc. inborn mental mechanismsd. immediate conscious experience

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Psychology

169. A renewed interest in the adaptive value of behavior has contributed to the recent movement in psychology known as:a. psychobiologyb. evolutionary psychologyc. cultural psychologyd. cognitive psychology

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary Psychology

170. Some evolutionary psychologists argue helping behavior can be explained by the mechanism of natural selection so long as the unit of selection is considered to be the:a. social unit

33


b. individualc. cultural groupd. gene

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Evolutionary PsychologyMSC: New

171. Dr. Gionelli suggests that infant facial features naturally elicit caregiving responses from adults, which enhances the infant’s chances for survival. Dr. Gionelli’s views are most consistent with those of:a. behavioral psychologyb. evolutionary psychologyc. structuralismd. cognitive psychology

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: applied REF: Evolutionary Psychology

172. Psychologists generally define culture as:a. the innate aspects of behavior shared by all peopleb. the individual elements that make up conscious experiencec. the shared values, customs, and beliefs of a groupd. the unconscious influences on behavior

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Cultural Factors

173. The influence of culture was largely ignored in mainstream psychology for many years because:a. researchers focused on discovering universal principles of behaviorb. culture has little influence on mental processes such as memory and perceptionc. culture has very little influence on actions or behaviord. researchers were not interested in the behavior of individuals in isolation

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Cultural Factors

174. Which psychologist believed it was impossible to understand the mind of a child without carefully considering the child’s social and cultural interactions?a. Calkinsb. Pavlovc. Wundtd. Vygotsky

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Cultural FactorsMSC: New

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175. Modern psychologists recognize that the values and shared beliefs of the community are important influences on behavior. In other words, they recognize the importance of:a. innate factorsb. cultural factorsc. humanistic factorsd. natural selection factors

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Cultural Factors

TRUE/FALSE

1. The emphasis on understanding both the mind and behavior is what distinguishes psychology from the closely related field of philosophy.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

2. Unlike clinical psychologists, psychiatrists have medical degrees and are licensed to prescribe medications when treating psychological disorders.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: What Psychologists DoMSC: New

3. Forensic psychologists are applied psychologists who are employed in the industry to help improve morale, train new employees, or help managers communicate with employees.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: What Psychologists DoMSC: New

4. Nowadays, clinical psychologists in all states are able to prescribe medications to treat mental disorders.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do

5. René Descartes rejected the separation of mind and body and assumed that the “mind” is simply brain activity.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Mind and Body

6. The philosophical position known as empiricism suggests that knowledge arises directly from experience.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Nature and Nurture

7. When Gestalt psychologists argued that humans are born with certain fixed ways of viewing the world, they took a nativist position.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Nature and Nurture

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8. Almost all current-day psychologists accept that certain psychological characteristics, such as intelligence, are influenced by genetic factors.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Nature and Nurture MSC: New

9. The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 at the University of Leipzig by William James.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools

10. Through the use of systematic introspection, Titchener’s laboratory was one of the first to document that complex tastes could be broken down into four elementary tastes.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools

11. A functionalist would argue that to understand how memory works, you first need to know which memory processes are innate and which are modified through experience.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools

12. Structuralists, such as Titchener, used systematic introspection, which required people to provide rigorous self-reports of their internal experiences, to observe the internal workings of the mind.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools MSC: New

13. The intellectual leader of the behaviorist movement was John B. Watson who was convinced that psychology should discard all references to consciousness or mental events.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools

14. One of Sigmund Freud’s unique contributions to psychology was his emphasis on using systematic introspection to determine the unconscious determinants of behavior.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Freud and the HumanistsMSC: New

15. Humanistic psychologists argued people are ultimately in control of their own destinies and can rise above whatever animalistic urges they possess.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Freud and the Humanists16. The first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association was Margaret

Floy Washburn.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: The First Women in Psychology

17. A shift away from behaviorism began with an influential movement that is sometimes called the cognitive revolution.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

18. Freud’s approach to psychology is best described as belonging to the eclectic approach.

36


ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

19. The schools of psychology referred to as behaviorism were helped along by attacks on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Evolutionary Psychology

20. Psychological research has shown that cultural factors have an influence on basic mental processes such as memory, perception, and reasoning.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Cultural Factors

COMPLETION

1. The emphasis on ____________________ distinguishes psychology from the closely related field of philosophy.

ANS: science

PTS: 1 REF: Defining and Describing Psychology MSC: New

2. Psychologists use the term ____________________ to refer to the contents and processes of subjective experience, such as sensations, thoughts, and emotions.

ANS: mind

PTS: 1 REF: Defining and Describing Psychology

3. Psychologists use the term ____________________ to refer to actions, such as moving about, talking, and gesturing.

ANS: behavior


4. A(n) ____________________, prescribes drugs to patients as part of a treatment program for people with psychological problems.

ANS: psychiatrist

PTS: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do

5. A(n) ____________________ psychologist deals with adjustment problems such as marital issues, but is less likely to deal with more serious psychological problems such as schizophrenia.

ANS: counseling

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PTS: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: New

6. In her job as a(n) ____________________, Marilyn works with high school students to help them perform well academically and socially.

ANS: school psychologist


7. In her job as a(n) ____________________, Cynthia designs and engineers new products.

ANS: human factors psychologist


8. In her job as a(n) ____________________, Daniela works for businesses to help improve employee morale and train new hires.

ANS: industrial/organization psychologist


9. In his job as a(n) ____________________, Raul tries to find ways to improve the eyewitness identification of crime suspects.

ANS: forensic psychologist


10. John considers himself a(n) ____________________ because his work involves extending the principles of psychology to practical, everyday problems in the real world.

ANS: applied psychologist


11. In his job as a(n) ____________________, Mark conducts experiments in an attempt to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind.

ANS: research psychologist


12. In his job as a(n) ____________________, Nathaniel focuses on higher mental processes, such as memory, learning, and reasoning.

ANS: cognitive psychologist


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13. In his job as a(n) ____________________, Jackson studies how behavior and mental processes change over the course of the life span.

ANS: developmental psychologist


14. In his job as a(n) ____________________, Carl investigates the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across situations, and how people differ from one another.

ANS: personality psychologist


15. Empiricism refers to the view that ____________________ arises directly from experience.

ANS: knowledge

PTS: 1 REF: Mind and Body

16. In the 17th century, the French Philosopher ____________________ argued that the mind and body are separate.

ANS: René Descartes


17. In the 17th century, the French philosopher René Descartes believed that the ____________________ was the part of the mind that controlled the actions of the mechanical body.

ANS: pineal gland


18. Some kinds of knowledge and ideas are ____________________, which means that they are in place at the time the child is born.

ANS: innate

PTS: 1 REF: Nature and Nurture

19. The view of ____________________ presumes that certain kinds of knowledge and ideas are innate.

ANS: nativism


20. In the 18th century, the German philosopher ____________________ proposed that human beings are born with certain mental structures, such as an understanding of cause-and-effect.

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ANS: Immanuel Kant

PTS: 1 REF: Nature and Nurture MSC: New

21. According to the movement called ____________________, humans are born with a certain fixed way of visually perceiving the world.

ANS: gestalt psychology


22. Darwin emphasized the role of ____________________, which is the process by which some individuals and their traits endure in an environment when others do not.

ANS: natural selection


23. In 1879, ____________________ established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany.

ANS: Wilhelm Wundt

PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools

24. The school of psychology referred to as ____________________ studied immediate conscious experience, focusing specifically on the elementary parts of the mind, such as sensations and feelings.

ANS: structuralism


25. Advocates of structuralism studied ____________________ and ____________________, which were thought to be the elementary parts of the mind.

ANS:sensations, feelingsfeelings, sensations


26. Followers of structuralism such as Edward Titchener used the method known as __________________ to study the mind by having people provide rigorous reports of their internal experiences.

ANS: systematic introspection

PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools MSC: New

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27. The psychologist ____________________ is well known for his description of consciousness as a flowing and ever-changing stream.

ANS: William James


28. The school of psychology referred to as ____________________ felt the proper way to understand the mind was to examine the purpose of conscious experience and how it helps us adapt.

ANS: structuralism

PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools MSC: New

29. The school of psychology referred to as ____________________ focuses exclusively on observable behavior.

ANS: behaviorism


30. The psychologist ____________________ is known for calling his new approach to psychology behaviorism.

ANS: John Watson


31. B.F. Skinner became influential by advocating the ____________________ approach to psychology.

ANS: behaviorist

PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools32. Psychoanalysis, which was developed by ____________________, presumed that the mind and its

contents must be analyzed extensively before effective treatments can begin.

ANS: Freud

PTS: 1 REF: Freud and the Humanists

33. Freud developed the system of therapy referred to as ____________________, which presumed that the mind and its contents must be analyzed extensively before effective treatments can begin.

ANS: psychoanalysis


34. Freud developed psychoanalysis, a method in which clients must come to understand how their memories and mental processes lead to problem behaviors, a method often referred to as ____________________ therapy.

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ANS: insight

PTS: 1 REF: Freud and the Humanists MSC: New

35. In his theory, Freud emphasized ____________________ determinants of behavior, which were hidden from awareness.

ANS: unconscious

PTS: 1 REF: Freud and the Humanists MSC: New

36. The 20th-century movement in psychology called ____________________ is associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

ANS: humanistic psychology


37. In the 21st century, most psychologists adopt a(n) ____________________ approach to psychology, in that they refuse to accept just one school of thought.

ANS: eclectic

PTS: 1 REF: The Focus of Modern Psychology

38. In the history of psychology, the cognitive revolution began as ____________________ was losing popularity.

ANS: behaviorism

PTS: 1 REF: Cognitive Factors

39. Behaviorism was helped along by persistent attacks on the theory of ____________________, which focused on contributions of inherited traits.

ANS: Darwin

PTS: 1 REF: Evolutionary Psychology

40. Psychologists use the term ____________________ to refer to the shared values, customs, and beliefs of a group or community.

ANS: culture

PTS: 1 REF: Cultural Factors

ESSAY

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1. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Describe what is meant by the terms mind and behavior.

ANS:Answer not provided.


2. Describe how the jobs of a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist are similar and how are they are different.



3. Describe how the jobs of a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist are similar and how they are different.



4. Describe how the jobs of an industrial/organizational psychologist and a human factors psychologist are similar and how are they different.



5. Describe how the jobs of a research psychologist and an applied psychologist differ.



6. List three types of research psychologists and describe the types of topics studied by each.



43


7. Briefly describe the results obtained concerning the effects of repeated reading as compared to repeated testing (Karpicke & Roedgier, 2008; Karpicke & Blunt, 2011) as outlined in Chapter One’s Practical Solutions feature. Using the results from that study, provide several suggestions for ways in which colleges and universities might promote improved study skills among their undergraduate students.


PTS: 1 REF: Practical Solutions MSC: New

8. Contrast Descartes’ solution to the mind-body problem with the approach taken by most modern psychologists.



9. Discuss the philosophical differences between the nativist and the empiricist view of how knowledge is obtained.



10. What were the views of those in the Gestalt psychology movement?



11. In your own words, explain Darwin’s view of natural selection.



12. Describe the views of most of today’s psychologists regarding the question of whether our behavior and thoughts are created by nature or nurture. Explain how this view makes sense from an adaptive perspective.


44


PTS: 1 REF: Nature and Nurture MSC: New

13. Compare and contrast the structuralist and the functionalist approaches to the study of behavior and mental processes.



14. Discuss the new focus that Watson brought to the study of psychology and how his approach changed methods of psychological research.



15. Compare and contrast the functionalist method of systematic introspection with Freud’s psychoanalysis. How are they similar and how are they different?


PTS: 1 REF: The First Schools/Freud and the Humanists MSC: New

16. Discuss the main differences between Freud’s psychoanalytic view and the humanistic view to understanding human behavior and motivation.



17. Identify at least two key women who were early pioneers in the field of psychology and discuss their contributions.


PTS: 1 REF: First Women in Psychology

18. When did the cognitive revolution occur and what type of change occurred in psychology at that time?


PTS: 1 REF: Cognitive Factors

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19. Trace recent developments in evolutionary psychology and discuss how concepts from evolutionary theory are having an impact on modern psychology.


PTS: 1 REF: Evolutionary Psychology

20. Why did psychology ignore cultural influences for many years, and why have cultural factors now become important to psychologists?


PTS: 1 REF: Cultural Factors MSC: New

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chapter 1 (multiple choice)—introduction to psychology€¦ · web viewthe word psychology...

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