PsychologyPsyche: mindLogos: Knowledge or study ofDefinition: The scientific study of human and

animal behavior and mental processes

BehaviorsObservable actions and responses

Overt – can be directly observedCovert – cannot be directly observed

PersonalityAn individual’s characteristic pattern of

thinking, feeling, and acting.Trait Psychology

Big 5 Traits – inherited/genetic (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, emotional stability)

Internal/External Locus of Control (learned helplessness)

TempermentsReciprocal Determinism – traits, environment,

and behavior all interact and influence each other

Types of PersonalitiesType A

Feel time pressure.Easily angered.Competitive and

ambitious.Work hard and play hard.More prone to heart

disease than rest of population.

Type BRelaxed and easygoing.But some people fit in

neither type.

Goals of PsychologyDescribe behaviorExplain/Understand behaviorPredict behaviorInfluence/Control behavior

Phrenology – Examining bumps on the skull to determine intellect and character traits (19th century)

Past attempts at understanding human behavior (weird or not) have led to what we know today and shaped the current Approaches to Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt• ““Father of psychologyFather of psychology””

• Started 1st lab to study humans (1879)Started 1st lab to study humans (1879)• Established Psychology as formal field of studyEstablished Psychology as formal field of study

• Introspection Introspection – – self observation, report thoughts and self observation, report thoughts and feelingsfeelings•Tichener Tichener – brought Wundt’s ideas to U.S. and renamed – brought Wundt’s ideas to U.S. and renamed StructuralismStructuralism

William James• “Father of MODERN Psychology”

or “Father of Psychology in the U.S.”• Principles in Psychology = 1st Psychology Textbook• Influenced by Darwin• Functionalism

Gestalt Psychology• Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys focused not

on how we feel, but on how we experience the world.

• The whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts.

Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom.

If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom?

Hopefully not!!!

This may seem like one picture, but it can be perceived as 3 different faces. Can you find them?

• Psychoanalytic• Behavioral• Humanistic• Cognitive• Biological

• Sociocultural

PSYCHOANALYTIC• Key ideas

• childhood experiences• unconscious forces

• Techniques:• Free association• Psychoanalysis (Dr. centered)• Projection/Projective tests

• TAT• Rorschach Ink Blot

• Dream analysis

• Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)• Unconscious motivations are responsible for human

behavior

Sigmund FreudThanatos vs. ErosConscious, Subconscious (preconscious),

unconsciousIceberg analogy

Ego, Superego, IDLibidoFreudian SlipsPenis envyFixation

More Freud….Psychosexual Stages of Personality

DevelopmentOralAnalPhallic

Oedipus ComplexLatentGenital

Defense MechanismRepressionDenialDisplacementProjectionReaction formationRegressionRationalizationSublimation

Carl JungCollective unconsciousArchetypes

PersonaTricksterHeroAnima and animus

Erik EriksonPsychosocial stages of personality

development

Other Neo-FreudiansAlfred Adler

Dominance/overcoming feelings of inferiorityBirth order

Karen HorneyLoveFelt Freud was sexist – womb envy

BEHAVIORAL• Key ideas

• Observable Behavior• Conditioning/Learning• Prior experience (reward and punishment)

• John Watson (1878 – 1958)• Behavior the result of conditioning – “We are what we

learn to be”• Little Albert experiments with Rosalie Raynor

• B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)• Psychology must be tangible and scientific• Operant Conditioning - Reinforcement

Behaviorism ContinuedPavlov

Classical ConditioningBandura

Social Learning TheoryModeling

HUMANISTIC• Key ideas

• Self-directed (Client-Centered)• Uniqueness • Potential to develop• Emphasis on “self-concept”

• Carl Rogers – Unconditional positive regard• Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of needs

Humanism continued…Abraham MaslowHierarchy of needs

COGNITIVE• Key ideas

• How we ….. Process, Store, Retrieve information• Thought patterns• Problem solving• Behavior results from memories, expectations• Modern approach is to join this with Behaviorism

BIOLOGICAL• A.k.a. Behavioral neuroscience• Key ideas

• How the brain, nervous system, hormones, genetics influence behavior

SOCIOCULTURALKey ideas

• Cultural influence on behavior• Gender• Socioeconomic status• Traditions

Evolutionary PsychologyStemmed from DarwinSurvival of the fittestHow does our behavior adapt to our

environment and help ensure our survival?

Eclecticism• By combining information from all of the

approaches, psychologists stand a better chance of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior.

Psychologist• Observe, analyze, evaluate behavior• Doctorate degree

Psychiatrist• Medical degree + training in psychiatric medicine

Clinical Psychologist• diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

Counseling Psychologist• help people deal with problems of everyday life

Developmental Psychologist• Study changes that occur throughout life

Educational Psychologist• helps students learn

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist• employed by businesses to boost production, improve working conditions, make the workplace a more satisfying environment

Research v. Applied PsychologyResearch Psychologists – study origins, causes,

results of behaviorApplied Psychologists – make direct use of the

findings of research psychologist; deal directly with clients