Chapter 1 : Methods and Concepts in Biology

Using a Microscope

How to use microscope

Vocabulary Words for Chapter 1:

1. Metabolism

2. Homeostasis

3. Evolution

4. Species

5. Genes

Reading Assignment: pg. 6-9, 1040-1041

What is Biology?

• Biology – “the study of life”– From the Greek: bios = life; logos = study of

I. WHAT DO ALL LIVING CREATURES HAVE IN COMMON?

?WHAT IS LIFE?

7 FEATURES OF LIVING CREATURES

1. Cells and Genetic Material

• composed of cells or cell fragments

• cells come from existing cells

• contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules that have instructions for assembling new organisms (blueprints for life)

• DNA instructions for new life

2. Reproduction• Transfer of hereditary information to the

next generation

• Production of offspring

• Essential b/c no organism lives forever

• Of course, individuals can have problems reproducing offspring and still be considered living…

A Great Example of the Power of Genetics….

3. Metabolism• Energy transfer within cells

• Requires a constant consumption of energy (chemical, solar)

• “sum of all chemical reactions carried out in organisms”

• breaking down a complex molecule to produce energy

4. Mutation of Inheritable Traits• Mutation – any random change in the

genetic material (DNA)

• Organisms adapts to their environment by evolving (changing over time)

• Organisms evolve over successive generations to survive changing environments

5. Sense and Respond to Environment

• Homeostasis - maintaining constant internal environment in spite of external changes

• Ex. Body temperature, glucose regulation and hunger, circadian (sleep) rhythms

6. Growth and Development

• increase in the size and/or number of cells.

• maturation and differentiation of cells

• Cells develop unique functions – brain cell, kidney cell, bone cell, liver cell, skin cell…

7. Interdependence• depending on other organisms and

environment as a source of energy or materials

• Dependence of food, shelter, energy, oxygen

GSMC MRI• To help you guys remember these 7

features

• Good Samaritan Medical Center

• MRI – a scan you might get at a hospital

II. Levels of Organization1. Subatomic particle – N, P, E2. Atom3. Compound4. Organelle5. Cell – smallest living unit6. Tissue7. Organ8. Organ System9. Multicellular Organism10. Population- group of individuals from same species11. Community – groups of different populations12. Ecosystem13. Biosphere – includes all living things on earth

Simplest

Most complex

III Branches of Biology• Anatomy (internal structure)• Cytology (cells)• Histology (tissues)• Biochemistry (biological reactions)• Physiology (internal function)• Genetics (heredity)• Embryology (development)• Biotechnology (genetic engineering)• Parasitology (parasites)• Taxonomy (classification)• Ethology (behavior)• Immunology (immunity)• Ecology (environment)• Pathology (disease)• And so many more!!!!!!

IV. The Scientific Method (short version)

• A system for collecting and evaluating information about the natural world

• In the simplest form, it has what steps?– Question– Hypothesis– Experiment “Fair Test”– Data Collection and Evaluation– Conclusion

The Scientific Method (short version)

• Descriptive Approach– How many, how long, how fast, what color….etc…– No hypothesis– Has a concluding statement

• Experimental Approach– Question: What will happen to organism X if we change

condition Y?– A hypothesis is needed– Needs an experiment and data collection– Conclusion with more questions to follow– i.e. CONSUMER REPORTS

I. Human History

A. Early humans or close ancestors (2-300,000 ybp)

- Homo sapiens var. Neanderthalensis

They disappear 35,000 ybp

B. Replaced by Homo sapiens var. sapiens

They begin (100,000 ybp) and replace Neanderthals

1. Interbred w/ neanderthals 2. caused their extinction

C. 10,000 to present (Advanced Civilizations)- Major Change is human behavior- Agriculture and Domestication – (role of women)

V. Biology as a Science (students have this handout)

II. Science is a form of curiosityA. Observations lead to experimentation and ultimately to

understanding1. The first type of experiment: Trial and Error2. Little planning for the future b/c of daily stresses

B. Man’s initial interests were geared towards taming his environment1. First experiments: health, weapons, clothing, housing…2. Kaopectate, Raspberry Leaves, Aspirin…

C. After survival needs are met, experiments can be done in other areas to “make life better.”

- math, astronomy, writing, art, music…

VI. The Scientists

A.Early Scientists1. Names – shaman, witch doctors

- They were both doctors and ministers

2. “There is no knowledge that is not POWER”

3. The spirit world and the physical world were closely associated:

Magic, herbs, spirits, religion, superstition…

B. Modern Scientists = 1640 A.D.Galileo 1. “All knowledge is in

vain without the confirmation of experimentation”

2. NOT white-coated madmen

3. 90% of all scientists are alive today

4. Use of the scientific method (the next topic)

SHORT HAND SYMBOLS• ∆ - change• ≈ - approximate• w/ - with• w/o – without• @ - at• b/c – because• mybp – million years before present• bybp – billion years before present• - therefore

MORE PREFIXES• lac – milk (lactose, lactation)

• hyper – above (hyperglycemic, hyperactive)

• iso – same (isometric, isotonic)

• hypo – below (hypothyroid, hypoallergenic)

• a – not, without (asymmetric, atrophy)

• geo – land (geography,biogeochemical)

• auto – self (automobile, autobiography)

• graph – write (telegraph, autograph)

• troph – food (trophic level, heterotrophic)

Microscope Quiz Topics• Microscope Parts and their function

• Skills Test

• Magnification

• High and Low Power Calculation

• Microscope Maintenance (how to care for it)

• Microscope Calculations– Find field of view diameter (use formula)– Determine size of object

Chapter 1 Test Topics• Prefixes, suffixes, and roots (from notes and homework• Vocabulary (1-5)& Text Pages (6-9)• All Notes• Branches of Biology• Levels of Organization (13)• History of Humans and Scientists• Safety Symbols (from binder)• Scientific Method (short version)• 7 Features of Living Creatures (GSMC MRI)• Neanderthal Video• Worksheets (Analyzing Science Words w/ added prefixes,

Neanderthal Video questions, Branches of Bio)• NO MICROSCOPE STUFF and NO GEOLOGICAL TIME

SCALE STUFF INCLUDED ON THIS TEST

Monty Python-witch

• Bonus pts.• Collect Micro Lab• Newspaper• Quiz 9/8 Thursday• Test 9/12 Monday• Discussion C.P. option• Contract due by 9/9

• Important Dates• CP 1 9/30• CP 2 10/21• Bonus 1 9/23• Bonus 2 10/14• Summary of 2 articles

due 11/4