chapter 1: management account · ibrahim sameer (mba - specialized ... your research project theme...
TRANSCRIPT
Research ProjectIbrahim Sameer (MBA - Specialized in Finance,
B.Com – Specialized in Accounting & Marketing)
www.ibrahimsameer.wordpress.com
Introduction to Research
Proposal (RP)
• RP is a detailed document that you, as a
researcher, submit to your lecturer with the
purpose to convince him/her that you have a
worthwhile research project to do.
Introduction to Research
Proposal (RP)
• Scientifically speaking, the RP is a “blue print” of
the proposed project. Thus it must contain every
single item of the research project. The format of
RP is there in the research guide book which I
have provided for you (Check page 29).
Introduction to Research
Proposal (RP)
• Specially, the RP should be able to address the
following questions:
What Do You Want to Research?
• Avoid the title that reflects something that is too
general because it cannot catch audience’s
attention.
What Do You Want to Research?
• What do you think about this topic?
An examination of quality dimensions in service
industry.
What Do You Want to Research?
An examination of quality dimensions in service
industry.
• This title should be avoided because it is too
broad, it has no specific focus and it fails to
catch readers attention.
• Rather we can change title such as:
An examination of service quality dimension in higher
education of public university in Maldives
What Do You Want to Research?
• What do you think about this topic?
Employee Motivation & Performance in an
Organization.
What Do You Want to Research?
Employee Motivation & Performance in an
Organization.
• This title should be avoided because it is too
vague, it has no specific focus and it fails to
catch readers attention.
• Rather we can change title such as:
A Study on Employees Work Motivation and its Effect
on their Performance and Business Productivity:
Evidence from Private Sector in Maldives
Your Research Project Theme
• The Pearson set theme for this unit Research
Project as:
“The impact of digital technology on business activity”
Group Work
• List down at least 7 research topic that you can device based on the
following theme.
“The impact of digital technology on business activity”
• The range of topics that you can discussed could cover the following:
• The stages that organizations have to go through for digital
transformation
• The challenges of integrating emerging technologies within
organizations
• The implications of digital technology on SMEs
• E-commerce and how it drives business success
• Engaging with stakeholders through digital technology
Some Examples of Research
Topic
• Study on the most important new technology for
solving business problems in Maldives?
• Impact of digital technology: Does it make us more
or less productive at work?
• A study of the impact of social media on
consumers: Case of SME’s
• How will technology change our ways of doing
business 20 years from now in Maldives?
Some Examples of Research
Topic
• Customer satisfaction in E-Commerce: A case
study of Maldives.
• Impact of social media marketing on performance
of small business.
• The impact of e-commerce on small-size
companies in Maldives.
• E-Commerce Adoption in Developing Countries:
Evidence from Maldives.
Some Examples of Research
Topic
• The Future of Social Media Marketing: A Look at
Coming Trends.
• The impact of digital technologies on teaching and
learning of Ameeniya School.
• How social media can improve the customer
relationship management?
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• The main intention here is to get your readers to
be interested or excited with your topic.
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• The introduction often contains dramatic and
general statements about the need for the
research study.
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• To make the audience understand the urgent
need for a solution to the underlying problem.
Thus, the research is hereby needed to remedy
the existing problem in order to bring the situation
back to normal.
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• No research has been carried out on this
particular issue (new issue).
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• The research has been carried out but certain
variables are not included. The new research
intends to introduce new variables (mediator,
moderator etc).
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• The research has been carried out in other
countries where the characteristics of their
population might be different from ours.
Chapter 1: The Introduction
• The time laps of previous research is too long that
certain socioeconomic variable of the population
has changed. Thus new research is required.
The Problem Statement of the
Study
• The statement of problem is the center attention
of your research. It is just one main sentence and
supported by a few paragraphs of elaboration. In
your sentence, you should take an opportunity to:
The Problem Statement of the
Study
• Highlight an existing problem affecting the future
survival of an organization.
The Problem Statement of the
Study
• Highlight the present policy or method that is no
longer seems to be working.
The Problem Statement of the
Study
• Highlight something that need close attention
such as increase in customer complaints, declining
in sales volume.
The Problem Statement of the
Study
• Highlight current trend, current needs, current
technology that your organization needs to adapt
and change accordingly.
The Problem Statement of the
Study
• In short, you must present something critical that
requires your proposed research to be carried out
in order to remedy the problem and ensure the
long term survival. Remember, if you fail to prove
that there is a problem, it simply means you fail
to justify the needs for your proposed
research.
Objective of the Study
• The objective of the study is what you intended to
accomplish when you design your study.
Objective of the Study
• Remember: at the end of your study you should
provide your suggested solutions to the
underlying problem.
Objective of the Study
• In other words, the objectives of the study should
arise from the problem statement.
Research Questions (RQ)
• RQ are the “ambiguities” that come across in the
researcher’s mind that triggers him to propose for
a research.
Research Questions (RQ)
• In his/her research, he/she aims to find the answer
to his/her RQ. RQ often came into researcher’s
mind after he sets his RO.
Research Questions (RQ)
• These questions are normally typical questions
that would come from the audience after reading
the research report.
Research Questions (RQ)
• A good researcher is able to predict the
questions that would come from the audience,
and will include these questions as his/her RQ
when he/she prepare his/her research.
Research Questions (RQ)
• If the researcher completed with many
unanswered questions, then that particular
research is considered a failure.
Examples 1: of RO & RQ
RQ RO
What is the extent of internet
marketing application by SMEs in
Nairobi County?
To establish the extent of internet
marketing application by SMEs in
Nairobi County.
What are the challenges faced in
implementation of internet marketing
by SMEs in Nairobi County?
To determine the challenges faced in
implementation of internet marketing
by SMEs in Nairobi County.
What are the impact of internet
marketing use on the performance of
SMEs in Nairobi County?
To determine the impact of internet
marketing use on the performance of
SMEs in Nairobi County.
TAKEN FROM: “INTERNET MARKETING AND PERFORMANCE
OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI COUNTY”
BY LORRAINE WAHU KITHINJI
Examples 2: of RO & RQRQ RO
What extent does Social Media
entrepreneurs Skills influence growth
of Small and Medium Enterprises?
To establish the influence of social
media entrepreneurs skills towards
growth of Small and Medium
Enterprises.
How does accessibility of Social
Media online services influence
growth of Small and Medium
Enterprises?
To determine the influence of social
media accessibility on growth of
Small and Medium Enterprises
How much amount of time utilized
by social media entrepreneurs that
contributes to growth of Small and
Medium Enterprises?
To investigate the influence of time
utilized by social media
entrepreneurs on growth of Small
and Medium Enterprises.
How does online advertising cost
influence growth of Small and
Medium Enterprises?
To examine the influence of online
advertising cost on growth of Small
and Medium Enterprises.
TAKEN FROM: “ACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF SOCIAL
MEDIA ADVERTISING ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM
ENTERPRISES: A CASE OF NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA.”
BY JOHN NDUNGU KABUE
Examples 3: of RO & RQ
RQ RO
What factors that effect the
availability of ICT resources on
student’s learning in Gulu University?
To examine the effect of the
availability of ICT resources on
student’s learning in Gulu University
How does the accessibility of ICT
resources effect the student’s learning
in Gulu University?
To assess the effect of the
accessibility of ICT resources on
student’s learning in Gulu University.
What are the abilities of users use
resources of ICT in Gulu
Univerversity?
To investigate the effect of the user-
ability of ICT resources on student’s
learning in Gulu University
TAKEN FROM: “EFFECTS OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON
STUDENTS’ LEARNING: A CASE OF GULU UNIVERSITY”
BY OPIRA GEOFFREY
Research Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is an educated statement or a pre-
conceived idea made by a researcher regarding
the underlying problem of his/her research.
Research Hypothesis
• Hypothesis is a declarative statement made by
researcher whereby he/she would prove it with
empirical evidence.
Research Hypothesis
• A good researcher is the person who can smell
the exact direction for his/her research and is
able to talk in that particular subject with great
confidence.
Example of Research Hypothesis
RQ Hypothesis
What extent does Social Media
entrepreneurs Skills influence growth
of Small and Medium Enterprises?
H0: there is association between
skills of social media adverting on
growth of SME’s.
H1: there is no association between
skills of social media adverting on
growth of SME’s.
How does accessibility of Social
Media online services influence
growth of Small and Medium
Enterprises?
H0: there is correlation between
accessibility of Social Media
adverting on growth of SME’s.
H1: there is no correlation between
accessibility of Social Media
adverting on growth of SME’s.
TAKEN FROM: “ACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF SOCIAL
MEDIA ADVERTISING ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM
ENTERPRISES: A CASE OF NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA.”
BY JOHN NDUNGU KABUE
Example of Research Hypothesis
RQ Hypothesis
How much amount of time utilized
by social media entrepreneurs that
contributes to growth of Small and
Medium Enterprises?
H0: there is correlation between time
utilized in Social Media advertising
on growth of SME’s.
H1: there is no correlation between
time utilized in Social Media
advertising on growth of SME’s.
How does online advertising cost
influence growth of Small and
Medium Enterprises?
H0: there is association between
online advertising costs on growth of
SME’s.
H1: there is no association between
online advertising costs on growth of
SME’s.
TAKEN FROM: “ACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF SOCIAL
MEDIA ADVERTISING ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM
ENTERPRISES: A CASE OF NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA.”
BY JOHN NDUNGU KABUE
Significant of the Research
• This section reflects the “value” of your
research. You should take following question into
account while writing this section of your research.
Significant of the Research
• What is the contribution of your research to your
organization, to the society, or to the country, or to
the body of knowledge?
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• LR are reviewing of published works of
previous researchers. As a researcher, you need
to obtain all research articles within the topic of
your research interest.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• The review of literature must be exhaustive
(extensive/comprehensive) – leaving no stone
unturned.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• This is very important because you want to
examined what the previous researchers have
done in the area so that you will not reinvent the
same wheel.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• While reviewing you need to take into following
questions in your mind:
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• To give credits to those who pioneered the
groundwork for your research.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• To demonstrate your thorough understanding of
the underlying theory and research work
related to your research questions.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• To show your ability to critically evaluate
relevant literature information.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• To provide new theoretical insights or develops
a new model as a conceptual framework for
your research.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• To convince that the research will make a
significant and substantial contribution to
literature.
Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)
• In reviewing the literature, focus specially on
what you are going to study. All discussion and
argument made in the LR should be able to help
you come out with the theoretical framework
for your study.
Literature Review (LR)
• In your LR you should:
Discuss the finding of previous researches in the same area
Discuss the main variable or construct involved in the study
Discuss and compare the findings by previous researchers
The definitions of terms for every variable involved in the study
Discuss the Findings of Previous
Researches in the Same Area
• As a researcher, you need to discuss and debate
all findings obtained in the literatures by
previous researchers in the area related to your
study.
Discuss the Main Variables or
Constructs Involved in the Study
• As a researcher, you also need to discuss the
main variables or constructs that will be used
in your study. Your discussions should cover the
definition of your construct, the measuring
instruments to be used, the origin, the validity and
reliability of the construct as reported in previous
study.
Discuss & Compare the Findings
by Previous Researchers
• In the LR for an academic research, you need to
summarize literatures you read to show how
thorough you have searched what other
researchers have done in the area that you want to
study. In your summery, you need to state
precisely the name of author, the field of study,
the year of study and the key findings obtained
for each research.
The Definition of Terms for Every
Variable Involved in the Study
• The researcher should provide simple definitions
for all terms that may bring unclear meaning to
your reader. Do not let your audience trying to
figure out what you meant with certain term used in
your research. Identify a few keywords and provide
definition for each of them.
Chapter 3: Research
Methodology (RM)
• In this section, you should describe clearly your
research plan. The audience wants to know your
plan of work and the activities necessary for the
completion of your project. To keep the audience
with you, begin with a few attractive introductory
paragraphs that restate the research problem,
RO, RQ and the corresponding hypothesis.
Chapter 3: Research
Methodology (RM)
• In the Chapter 1 & 2 you have decided about what
you are going to write in our research.
• In the chapter 3 the main of this chapter is you are
going to tell reader of your study how you are
going to write in other words it is RM.
• So in this chapter you are tell all of the
methodological stratification research how you can
methodologically position your study base on
different option that you have.
Chapter 3: Research
Methodology (RM)
• Luckily you have one great tool available for you
that is call Saunders et al., (2003) Research
Onion.
Chapter 3: Research
Methodology
• Some of the things that comes under RM are as
follows:
• The target population and unit of analysis (UOA) of
the study.
• The sampling and data collection procedure.
Chapter 3: Research
Methodology
• The theoretical framework of the study
• The measuring instruments for each variable in the
study.
• Determination of sample size to be used in the
study.
• The assumptions required concerning statistical
distribution
• The procedure for data analysis in the study.
The Target Population & Units of
Analysis (UOA) of the Study
• Define your target population precisely and
explain the rationale for selecting that specific
population for your study. Make sure you choose
the right population to launch your study;
otherwise, your conclusion and generalization
might be questionable since you are shooting at
the wrong target.
Chapter 3: Research
Methodology (RM)
• This research onion has layers.
• This onion illustrates the range of choices,
paradigms, strategies and steps followed by
researchers during the research process.
• You task will be on each of this layer decide which
choice from these layers you go for.
• Am not going to cover the most outer later
research philosophy layer because this course is
not for Phd rather I will cover remain all layers in
the following slide.
Research Approach
• There are 3 different types of research approach in
the research onion:
• Deductive research approach
• Inductive research approach
• Abductive research approach
Master & Degree Student
Normally for Phd Student
Research Approach
• Deductive research approach
• This is the most simple research approach
because it goes from theories to data.
• Your task here is simplified a theories that is very
well known generally define theories and trying to
apply specific phenomenon. Your data then either
approve or disapprove these theories that you
have applied.
Research Approach
• Inductive research approach
• This goes from data to theories.
• In this type of approach you need to have all data
necessary to formulate your own theories so it
is more difficult to manage and justify.
• Truly inductive research is rare.
Research Approach
• Abductive research approach
• This goes from data to theories.
• In this type of approach you need to have
“enough” data to formulate theories and make
assumption.
• Eg: you go to doctor and you tell some symptom,
doctor will not have all information rather he will
have enough information about you base on what
you tell so he can prescribe medication for you.
Research Design
• Previous choice of research approach is going to
influence a choice of research design.
• Quantitative Design
• “Deal” with numbers.
• Remember that quantitative research design
works very well with deductive research
approach and not well with inductive research
approach.
Research Design
• Quantitative research design examines
relationship between variables.
• If you used Quantitative research design you are
going to use some statistical software such as
Excel, SmartPLS, SPSS, Minitab, STATA, R
Research Strategy
• Do you remember the research onion that we have
discuss in the previous slide. Well we are moving
one layer deeper inside this research onion and
we are going to discuss research strategy.
Research Strategy
• Now before we go into research strategies you
have to make sure that you are clear about the
choices that you have already made. Choices are:
• Research approach (deductive, inductive &
abductive)
• Research design (quantitative, qualitative or mixed
design)
Research Strategy
• The reason why I say this is that again these
previous choices are going to heavily influence
your decision about the research strategy. So lets
take a look into research strategy now.
Research Strategy
• Definition of research strategy “a research strategy
is simply a plan of how you aim to achieve your
research goal.”
Research Strategy
• Experiment (Qunt)
• Survey (Qunt)
• Case study (QuntORQual)
• Narrative inquiry (Qual)
• Action research (Qual)
• Archival research (Qunt or Qual)
• Ethnography (Qual)
• Grounded theory (Qual)
Only these I willDiscuss in detail
Reason: Other strategy
Is more related toHigher studies
Experimental Research
• Experimental is associated with quantitative
research design.
• If you plan to do an experiment as a research
strategy you will have you understand that there
are several types of variables that are going to
occur in your experiment.
Experimental Research
• Independent variable: is being altered by
researcher.
• Researcher observe changes in dependent
variable are measured.
Influence
Experimental Research
• The most well known is Hawthorne studies, which
were conducted by Elton Mayo & Fritz
Roethisberger in 1920s with the workers at the
Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company.
Experimental Research
• Independent variables:
• Level of lightning in the room
• Size of work group
• Dependent variable:
• Employee performance
Influence
Experimental Research
• Null hypothesis: will say that there is no
relationship between independent and dependent
variable.
• Alternative hypothesis: will say that there is
significant relationship between two variable.
Experimental Research
• Example:
• Null hypothesis: “customer services training of IT
telephone support will not leads to a significant
improvement in user’s satisfaction feedback.”
• Alternative hypothesis: “customer services training
of IT telephone support will leads to a significant
improvement in user’s satisfaction feedback.”
Survey
• This is most common research strategy used by
most bachelors and masters student in their thesis.
This strategy works very well with:
• Deductive research approach
• Quantitative research design
• The sampling and data collection techniques for
survey will discuss later in the presentation
Case Study
• This is also one of the most common research
strategy used by most bachelors and masters
student in their thesis.
• Case study is about examining the phenomenon
within its context.
Case Study
• In the case study you can have single case study
or multiple case study.
• Single case study: examine one company within
an industry.
• Multiple case study: examined several companies
within an industry.
• It is always a challenge to justify your choice of
case/s.
Case Study
• Selecting depth of the case study. Here we have
two thing again that is:
• Holistic case study: examine cases as a whole
entity. Every aspect of the company will be
studied.
• Embedded case study: examine just one aspects
of cases. Such as productivity area.
Action Research
• The purpose of an action research strategy is to
promote organizational learning to produce
practical outcomes through identifying issues,
planning action, taking action and evaluating
action.
• In this type of research, the researcher is going to
be part (or component) of the research
phenomena.
Action Research
• A proper action research is iterative process.
Meaning that the 4 phases are sort of repeating all
over again. You start with your research come to
the phenomena may be the company that your
examining you execute these 4 stages and
evaluate what has happen what was good what
was bad and you come back to the may be the
company your researching and you do these four
steps all over again. May be 4 different time all
over again.
Action Research
• Now why it is so practical because imagine you as
a researcher going to interact with your
phenomenon; so that you are going to produce lots
of knowledge that is going to be useful for the
phenomena may be for the company your
studying. So the outcomes of action research have
lots of practical knowledge and usable
knowledge can be produced.
Narrative Inquiry
• The better way of explaining narrative inquiry is by
comparing with case study as another option of
research strategy.
Narrative Inquiry
Case Study Narrative Inquiry
Structured interviews.
As a results we get concise and
organized information to the point we
asked about
Listening to the story.
As a result we get information about
how events and entities connect with
each other.
Time Horizon
• Now we are moving into additional one more layer
inside of Saunder’s research onion that is time
horizon. In this we are two:
• Cross sectional study
• Longitudinal study
Cross Sectional Study
• “Snapshot” of particular state.
• This is more used approach by the students
because you don’t have much time to do your
research.
• Cross sectional study often associated with survey
and case study.
Longitudinal Study
• This is very interesting approach to researcher.
• In this method the researcher studies the change
and development of phenomena over a long
period of time.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• As a researcher this is two important terminology
you need to be aware.
• When you come for Vivo normally these are the
two questions normally examiner asked to you.
That is:
• Why do you think your research is reliable? &
• Why do you think your research is valid?
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Reliability refers to whether your data collection
techniques and analytic procedure would
reproduce consistent findings if they were
repeated on another occasion or if they were
replicated by another researcher.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Threats to research reliability:
• Participant error: any factor which adversely
alters the way in which a participant performs.
• Lets say you are doing interview with participants
now you are deciding about time of interview. For
example you decided to interview late night
rather than morning or afternoon will produce
different answers.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Participant bias: any factor which produce a false
response.
• Lets say you are going to interview in the open
office rather than close. In that case respondent
might not give your true answer in order to please
their boss, specifically if he is around with them.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Researcher error: any factor which alters the
researcher’s interpretation.
• Lets say you are going to take all interview in one
day may leads researcher error. For example you
try to take 10 interviews in one day may leads
researcher error, so to avoid this you may take 2
interviews within 5 days time.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Researcher bias: any factor which induces bias in
the researcher’s recording of responses.
• Researcher is simply human being, as human
being researcher may be subjective (biased) so
researcher may interpret the results he/she got
from his/her respondent in a subjective ways. So
be aware of it and try to stay objective (unbiased) .
Reliability & Validity of Research
• When your are asked the examiner regarding the
reliability of your research; you should address
these four point and justify why they did not occur
in your research. so that your research is reliable.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Validity of research; it comes in three form:
• Construct validity: is concerned with the extent to
which your research measures what it claims to
measure.
• All those above fancy sentences are all about
methodological choices that you made while
designing your research. So justification of why
you have selected this research nature, the
particular research strategy and so on.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Internal validly: is established when your
research demonstrates a causal relationship
between two variable. Normally this is true in
experimental research or normally on quantitative
research.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• Internal validity is asking is why are you making
these assumption from the early beginning that this
relationship is existent. For example lets say your
selecting IV as customers supports staff
educational level leads to more customer
satisfaction. It is fairly true to assume if support
staff are educated more they can satisfy customer
easily.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• External validity: is concerned with whether a
study’s research findings can be generalized to
other relevant settings or group.
• We are going to discuss more in this data
collection techniques and sampling procedure.
• Basically when you are making a research you are
choosing a sample from population because
simply you cannot research the whole population.
Reliability & Validity of Research
• What the external validity is asking about is
whether when you research this sample and you
make some finding from this sample whether these
findings will be generalizable to the whole
population.
Samples
• Population is all the entities that are relevant for
your research (people or companies).
• If your population is small and you may include it
whole – it is called census.
• If your population is large, you need to select a
sample from it.
• Sample is that part of the population, which is
included in your research.
Samples
• There are two types of sampling:
• Probability sampling: the probability of each case
being selected from the population is known and is
usually equal for all cases. For eg:
• Population size: 1,000 companies
• Lets say you intend to include sample size: 100
companies
• Then probability of each case being selected: 10%
Samples
• Non – probability sample: the probability of each
case being selected from the population is not
known. Why it is so?
• Lets say you like to research 100 companies but
you don’t know how many companies are out
there. If you don’t know your population size then
you go for non-probability sampling.
• Normally most of the Bachelors and Masters
students go for non – probability sample.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• If you are selecting probability sampling then you
need to go for 3 techniques:
• Identify sampling frame
• Decide on sample size
• Choose sampling techniques.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Identify sampling frame: is a complete list of all
cases in the population from which your sample
will be drawn.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step: 2 Decide about sample size:
• First of all there are two sort of rule of thumb and
those are:
• If your population is less 50 go away from
probability sampling and adopt non-probability
sampling because some bias can occur.
• The second rule of thumb is that your sample size
should be at least 30
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 2: Decide about sample size:
• Decide on confidence level. This is the level of
certainty, that the characteristics of the data
collected will represent the characteristics of the
total population. Normally we go for 95%
confidence level.
• This is bit of hairy definition, if you select 100 cases into
your sample 95% confidence level means that at least
95 of these case will really represent the population.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 2: Decide about sample size:
• Decide in margin of error. That is the accuracy you
require for any estimates made from your sample.
Most likely researcher take it as 3% to 5%.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 2: Decide about sample size:
• Again bit hairy definition. Lets I conduct survey to
know whether your are happy with my teaching.
Now lets assume that 47% of students said that
they are happy. If my margin of error is 4% how
should I interpret this is; that I put minus 4% and
plus 4% meaning my result will not say 47% of
students is happy with my teaching, in that case
results will be 43% to 51% of students are happy
with my teaching.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 2: Decide about sample size:
• Population size: 1,000
• Confidence level: 95%
• Margin of error: 5%
• You can use following hyperlink to check your
sample size:
• http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
• So sample size is 278
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 3: Select Sampling Techniques:
• Simple random sampling
• You can use excel generator of random numbers
to get non-repeating numbers. It can give numbers
such as 5, 978, 325 etc.
• Once you get those number then pick cases from
your sampling frame according to those random
numbers.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 3: Select Sampling Techniques:
• Systematic random sampling
• This is bit tricky because you have to calculate
sampling fraction.
• =sample size (200) / population size (1000) = 1/5
this mean you need to select 1 case from each 5
cases.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 3: Select Sampling Techniques:
• Systematic random sampling
• Then you go to excel generator get one random
number from 1 & 5 as starting point of selection.
Lets assume that the random number gave by
generator is 3 then you are going to select every
5th item. Meaning 8 then 13 and goes on.
Probability Sampling Techniques
• Step 3: Select Sampling Techniques:
• Stratified random sampling
• Population divided according to some relevant
variables. Such as Male and Female. And from
each strata depending on number you draw
samples
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Deciding about sample size.
• In non-probability sampling techniques deciding
sampling size is not that strict when compare with
probability sampling.
• Here are some recommendation that you can
follow if your using non-probability sampling
techniques.
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• First recommendation:
• Homogenous (same) population: 4-12+ cases
• Heterogeneous (varied) population: 12-30+ cases
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Second recommendation:
• It is based on your research strategy the more
complex research strategy you have the larger
sample size you need. For eg:
• Ethnographic study: 35-36+
• Grounded theory: 20-35+
• If you are going for more simple research strategy
such as case study then you can go for lower
sample such as 5, 10 or 12 cases.
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Final recommendation: when it comes to sample
size under non-probability sampling techniques is
what we call a data saturation and that basically
means that you are staring with a sample size of
may be 5 or 10 and when you take data from 11 or
12 case if no more additional information is going
means data has been saturated.
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Purposive Sampling
• Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling
method and it occurs when “elements selected for
the sample are chosen by the judgment of the
researcher. Researchers often believe that they
can obtain a representative sample by using a
sound judgment, which will result in saving time
and money”. (Black 2010)
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Volunteer Sampling
• In this there are two types:
• Snowball sampling
• Self Selection sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Snowball Sampling
• For example you are researching on why company
fail. So in your sample you will include company that
fail but it will be really difficult to find information
about fail company because those information might
not be there. But in this sampling it is assume that
you may find 1 or 2 company then you ask their
recommendation for the next company. If you choose
sample in this way then it mean you are using
snowball sampling.
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
• Self Selection Sampling
• Researcher allow cases to get involved in research
voluntarily.
• For eg: you post your questionnaire in Facebook
then anyone who like to participate will fill
questionnaire and send, if you use this method
then you are using self selection sampling.
Conducting Questionnaire
• Questionnaire is a general term to include all
methods of data collection in which each person is
asked to respond to the same set of questions in
a predetermine order (DeVaus 2002).
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 1: Questionnaire variables
• Attribute variable: contain data about the
respondents characteristics. (this is all about
demographic profile of respondent).
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 1: Questionnaire variables
• Opinion variable: record how respondents feel
about something or what they think or believe is
true or false. For eg: opinion question can be
which grocery shop you prefer.
• When you ask opinion question then you can
relate with attribute variable in your analysis. For
eg you can check 18-25 age group like to grocery
shop A.
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 1: Questionnaire variables
• Behavioral variable: contain data on what people
(or their organization) did in the past, do now or
will do in the future.
• Eg: how often you to grocery shop. This is not
opinion question rather behavioral question.
Conducting Questionnaire
• An eg how three variable can be interconnected
when forming questionnaire.
• Lets say this is you research objective:
• How price sensitive are local residence with
regards to increase or decrease in grocery prices?
Conducting Questionnaire
• Attribute: Location
• Attribute: Age
• Attribute: Occupancy/Income level
• Behavior: What is you spending par shopping?
• Behavior: How often you go shopping?
• Opinion: If the price of this item increased, would
you consider a different brand?
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 2: Construction of Questions
• Remember there is nothing bad in using other
researcher questions for your research. But make
sure your voice is heard.
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 2: Construction of Questions
• You can have list questions:
• What is your religion?
• Islam
• Christian
• Hindhu
• Budhist
• Other
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 2: Construction of Questions
• You can have Category questions:
• How often you visit shopping center?
• Every day
• Several time a week
• …..
• Never
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 2: Construction of Questions
• You can have Ranking questions:
• Please number each of the factor listed below in
order of importance to you in your choice of new
car.
• …… carbon dioxide emission
• …… Safety feature
• …… Depreciation
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 2: Construction of Questions
• You can have Rating questions:
• Please rate your satisfaction level of your work:
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 2: Construction of Questions
• You can even have open ended question.
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 3: Construction Questionnaire
• Make it short as possible and straight as well.
• Don’t ask respondent to give personal information
such as their name, their ID number.
• Piolet test your questionnaire may by sending few
of your friends or relatives to check the reliability of
your questionnaire.
Conducting Questionnaire
• Step 4: Delivering Questionnaire
• Two option is their:
• Personally you can go aske to fill.
• Now the most common practice is using google
form so that you send through mail or can post to
your FB as well.
Theoretical Framework of the
Study
• Here, you need to assemble all variable involved
from left to right namely the independent
variable, the mediating variable (intervening
variable), and the intended dependent variable.
Then theoretically explain how you theorized these
variable are related to each other in your study.
Introduction to SmartPLS3
• Structural equation modeling is a multivariate
statistical analysis technique that is used to
analyze structural relationships. This technique is
the combination of factor analysis and multiple
regression analysis, and it is used to analyze the
structural relationship between measured variables
and latent constructs.
Introduction to SmartPLS3
• In smartpls you can do multiple statistics test but
here we are going to focus on only two test that is:
Introduction to SmartPLS3
• In smartpls you can do multiple statistics test but
here we are going to focus on only two test that is:
PLS Bootstrapping Test
PLS Algorithm Test
PLS Algorithm Test
• The value in each question near latent variable is
called factor loading.
• The arrow that connect each latent variable to
dependent variable is called pathcofficient. It is
also called standardized regression value in other
sense the regression value “r”. Values that are
near +1 or -1 is considered strong relation.
• The value that is inside the circle is coefficient of
variation (r²). Here in this case 56%.
PLS Bootstrapping Test
• By doing bootstrapping test you can identify
significant level of regression weight that you did
PLS Algorithm.
• The value you get in pathcofficient is called t-
statistics value. If any value is more than 1.96 then
you can say at 95% confidence level it is
significant.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis &
Interpretation of Findings
• A complete but succinct description of the results
should be presented in the form of text supported
by figures (tables, diagrams, graphs, maps). The
diagrams should be integrated into the text and
used to illustrate or to exemplify points made.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis &
Interpretation of Findings
• Do not mix up the description of results with the
analysis of the results.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis &
Interpretation of Findings
• In your analysis and interpretation of result make
sure you relate your findings with LR.
• In your analysis and interpretation make sure your
find exact answer for your RQ.
Chapter 5: Conclusion,
Recommendation & Future
Research Area• The conclusion should be a brief resume of the
investigation design and results and an overall,
personal evaluation of the whole study. The
implications and applications of the work for further
study and the limitations of the project should be
included here. This section should be relatively
short.
Chapter 5: Conclusion,
Recommendation & Future
Research Area• Introduction
• Conclusions of the findings
• Recommendations
• Limitation of the study
• Future Research Area