Chap. 5 Limiting and Regulatory Factors

鄭先祐 (Ayo)

國立台南大學 環境與生態學院

2008 年 2 月至 6 月

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Limiting and Regulatory Factors

1. The Liebig law of the minimum2. Factor compensation and ecotypes3. Conditions of existence as regulatory factors4. Soil: organizing component for terrestrial

ecosystems5. Fire ecology6. Other physical limiting factors7. Biological magnification of toxic substances8. Anthropogenic stress

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1 Concept of Limiting Factors: The Liebig Law of the Minimum

Limiting factorsStress ecology

Liebig law of the minimumLimits of tolerance

• Shelford law of tolerance

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Some subsidiary principles

1. Organisms may have a wide range of tolerance for one factor and a narrow range for another.

2. Organisms with wide ranges of tolerance for limiting factors are likely to be most widely distributed.

3. When conditions are not optimal for a species with respect to one ecological factor, the limits of tolerance may be reduced for other ecological factors.

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Some subsidiary principles

4. Organisms in nature are not actually living at the optimum range of a particular physical factor.

5. Reproduction is usually a critical period when environmental factors are most likely to be limiting.

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acclimation vs. acclimatization

環境壓力

反應強度

acclimationacclimatization

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Terms

stenothermal – eurythermal (temperature) stenohydric – euryhydric (water) stenohaline – euryhaline (salinity) stenophagic – euryphagic (food) stenoecious – euryecious (habitat)

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Fig. 5-1. Relative limits of tolerance of stenothermal and eurythermal organisms.

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2 Factor Compensation and Ecotypes

Ecotypes are genetically differentiated subspecies that are well adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions.

Compensation along gradients of temperature, light, pH, or other factors usually involves genetic changes of ecotypes, but it can occur by physiological adjustments without genetic fixation.

5. limiting and regulatory factors 10Fig. 5-2. Temperature compensation at the species and community levels. ( a species of jellyfish) (Aurelia aurita)

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3 Conditions of Existence as Regulatory Factors

Biological clocksCircadian rhythmPhotoperiod (photoperiodicity)Jet lag

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Fig. 5-4. control of the breeding season in the brook trout by artificial manipulation of the photoperiod.

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白尾鹿的生殖週期

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白尾鹿全年的賀爾蒙分泌情況。

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Plant adaptations to light stimuli

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The influence of photoperiod on flowering in short-day and long-day plants

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Changes in the spatial distribution of tadpoles of the from Rana boylii associated with daily temperature cha

nges in a pond

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Fig. 6-16 Seasonal activity space of the desert iguana in southern California. (a) the daily activity budget for an entire seasonal cycle. (b) The activity budget for July 15 is shown with the time course of air temperature.

4: Soil: Organizing Component for Terrestrial Ecosystems

5. limiting and regulatory factors 21Fig. 5-6

5. limiting and regulatory factors 22Fig. 5-7. Annual litter fall in forest in relation to latitude.

Equatorial forests

Warm temperate forests

Cool temperate forests

Artic-alpine

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土壤資源空氣、水和土壤，是支撐生物的三大媒介。土壤是地殼經過物理風化和生物活動的產物。土壤是維生體系的主要運作中心，因此土壤可成

為整體環境品質的最佳指標。土壤剖面 (soil profile) ： ( 圖 13)

A 層 ( 表土層 ) ：細微的有機物質和土、沙及礦物質混合構成。

B 層：由礦物質土構成，有機物已被礦化，並與碎解的母質混合。

C 層：較未被風化過的岩石母質。

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圖 13. 土壤剖面。顏色較深的 (1-6) 是 A 層 ( 表土層 ) ，其下顏色較淺的部分是 B 層，是淋溶下來的物質聚積的地方。

有三分之一的表土曾被侵蝕了。↓

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土壤的生成土壤從母質暴露出來開始至發展到如同

圖 13 的土壤，所需要的時間，少則 100年，多則要 2,000 年，是氣候、植生和其他條件而定。

土壤的主要類型： ( 表 1)全球有四分之三的土壤必須要藉大量肥

料和水來改善農業生產。

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Soil displacement: natural and human-accelerated

The nonmarket (natural capital) benefits from reducing soil erosion and providing habitat quality between 1985 and 2000 are estimated to exceed 1.4 billion dollars (Brown, 2001).

Approximately half of the best farmland in Iowa and Illinois is losing 10 to 20 tons of soil per acre each year.

An annual loss of 10 tons per acre represents a loss of 1 inch(2.54cm) of topsoil every 17 years. ( 農作物將會減產至少 10%)

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Soil quality as indicator of environmental quality

As soil is the chief organizing center for terrestrial and wetland ecosystems, soil quality should be a good indicator of environmental quality in general.

Soil quality, the capacity of a particular kind of soil to function within natural or manage ecosystem boundaries to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water quality, and support human health and habitation.

5 Fire Ecology

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Fig. 5-10. (A) Controlled burning of the Konza prairie.

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Fig. 5-10 (B) prescribed burning of an experimental prairie at eh Ecology Research Center, Miami university of Ohio.

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6 Review of Other Physical Limiting Factors

Temperature, LightIonizing radiationsWater, GroundwaterTemperature and moisture acting togetherAtmospheric gasesMacronutrients and micronutriestsWind and flooding

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Fig. 5-11.

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Fig. 5-12. comparative radiosensitivity of three groups of organisms to single acute doses of gamma radiation.

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Fig. 5-13. Concentration of strontium-90 in various parts of the food web of a small Canadian lake receiving low-level nuclear wastes. Average concentration factors are shown in terms of lake water = 1.

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Table 5-2

5. limiting and regulatory factors 39Fig. 5-14. Mountain ranges influence patterns of precipitation.

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Fig. 5-15. Groundwater resources of the US.

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Fig. 5-16. Regional distribution of water problems in the US, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin islands.

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Fig. 5-17. Tree line Rocky mountain National Park, showing how wind affects tree morphology and physiology

7 Biological Magnification of Toxic Substances

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Table 5-3

5. limiting and regulatory factors 45Fig. 5-18. Biological magnification of DDT.

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淤泥

植物

蚯蚓

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8 Antropogenic Stress as a Limiting Factor for Industrial Societies

EcotoxicologyAcute stressChronic stress

Fig. 5-20. Fish kill, resulting from acute input of municipal sludge into the stream ecosystem.

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