chap 16: the impact of environment on human health anita sego spring, 2005

Chap 16: The Impact of Environment on Human Health

Anita Sego

Spring, 2005

Chap 16: Environmental Impact on Human Health

Chapter Objectives

• Define the terms environmental health and environmental hazard.

• Explain the relationship between environmental sanitation, sanitary engineers, and the prevention of waterbourne disease outbreaks.

• Explain the meaning of waterbourne, foodbourne, and vectorbourne diseases and give examples of each.

• Define the term vector and give examples.


Chapter Objectives

• Define pest, pesticides, target organism, and persistent and nonpersistent pesticides.

• Identify the major chemical categories of pesticides.

• Define environmental tobacco smoke, mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, and passive smoking.

• Describe the legislation in place to deal with environmental tobacco smoke.


Chapter Objectives

• Describe the sources of lead in the environment and how progress was made in reducing lead levels during the 1990s.

• Define ionizing radiation and give examples.

• Explain the dangers of radon gas.

• Explain how human activities have increased the risk or skin cancer by altering the environment.


Chapter Objectives

• Describe the state of population growth in the world.

• Interpret the relationship between population growth and human health.

• Outline some solutions to population growth.

• Define natural disaster and disaster agent.


Introduction

• Environment– the external conditions, circumstances, and

influences surrounding and affecting the growth and development of an organism or community of organisms.

• Environmental Health– study and management of environmental conditions

that affect human health

• Environmental Hazards– factors or conditions in the environment that increase

the risk of human injury, disease, or death.


Biological Hazards and Human Health

• Biological hazards

– living organisms, or their products, that increase the risk of disease of death in humans.

• Environmental sanitation

– the practice of establishing and maintaining health and hygienic conditions on the environment.

• Sanitary engineer


Biological Hazards and Human Health• Water-borne diseases

– poliovirsus - amoebic dysentery– hepatitis A virus - Giardia – Shigella - Crytosporidium– Cholera

• Spread by Feces in Water– municipal water treatment facilities purify water

• Outbreaks still occur

• Fluoridation


Biological

• Food-borne diseases– Salmonella– Clostridium botulinum

• Protection– Public Health

Inspection by Sanitarians

– Hand washing

• Outbreaks of food-borne diseases

Chemical17%

Bacterial75%

Parasites2%

Viruses6%


Vectorbourne Diseases

• Standing water provide habitat for – pools– tires– open dumps

• Zoonoses– murine typhus– Lyme disease


Vector-Borne Biological Hazards

HazardHazard AgentAgent Vector Vector DiseaseDisease

VirusVirus SLE virusSLE virus Mosquito Mosquito St. Louis St. Louis encephalitisencephalitis

LaCrosseLaCrosse Mosquito Mosquito LaCrosse LaCrosse encephalitisencephalitis

RickettsiaeRickettsiae R. typhiR. typhi FleaFlea Murine typhusMurine typhusR. rickettsiiR. rickettsii TickTick Rocky Mt. spotted Rocky Mt. spotted

feverfever

BacteriaBacteria Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis FleaFlea Bubonic Bubonic plaqueplaque

Borrelia burg.Borrelia burg. TickTick Lyme diseaseLyme disease

ProtozoaProtozoa Plasmodium sp. Plasmodium sp. Mosquito Mosquito MalariaMalaria

NematodesNematodes Wuchereria ban. Wuchereria ban. Mosquito Mosquito Filariasis(elephantiasis)Filariasis(elephantiasis)


Chemical Hazards and Human Health

• Pesticides– herbicides– insecticides

• Target organism

• Ideal– inexpensive– kill only target organism– break down rapidly– break down into harmless chemicals


Chemical Hazards and Human Health

• Environmental tobacco smoke– sidestream smoke– mainstream smoke

• Education

• Regulation

• Policy


Chemical Hazards and Human Health• Lead

– health concerns: anemia, birth defects, bone damage, neurological damage, kidney damage

– children at greatest risk– sources: gasoline, water pipes & drinking

water tainted by lead leached from landfills


Physical Hazards and Human Health• Radon Contamination

• Ultraviolet Radiation


Psychological Hazards and Human Health• Difficult to define and measure

• Many mental states associated


Sociological Hazards and Human Health• Often combined with other

environmental hazards

• Population growth demonstrates sociological hazards


Population Growth

• Population growth attributed to– 1. Birth rate– 2. Death rate– 3. Migration

• Principles– lag phase– exponential phase– equilibrium phase


Population Growth - S- Curve

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100years

mill

ion

s

Lag phaseEx

pone

ntia

l Pha

se

Equilibrium Phase?


Population Growth

• Issues– global warming– acid rain– depletion of the ozone– increasing crime rates– epidemics

• Solutions– various methods of conception control– birth control methods– social policies


Site & Location Hazards & Human Health

• Natural disasters– geophysical &

meteorological events– involves interaction of

disaster agents– magnitude of overall

loss– biological,

psychological, & sociological hazards increase

– Primary needs after a disaster– food– water– shelter– health care– clothing

• Federal Emergency Response Agency


Natural Disasters

• Emergency Support Functions (Federal Agencies)– Transportation (DOT) - Health & medical

(DHHS & PHS)– Communications (NCS) - Resources support

(GSA)– Construction (DOD) - Urban search &

rescue (DOD)– Firefighting (DOA) - Hazardous

materials (EPA)– Damage information (FEMA) - Food (DOA)– Mass care (ARC) - Energy

(DOE))


Chapter 16

The Impact Of Environment

on Human Health

chap 16: the impact of environment on human health anita sego spring, 2005

Documents

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terms environmental

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human health biological

environmental sanitation

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impact of environment