changes in bacterial traits caused by: changes in environmental conditions (only phenotypic changes)...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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Changes in bacterial traits
Caused by:
• Changes in environmental conditions (only phenotypic changes)
• Changes in the genetic codes 1- Intermicrobial exchange 2- Mutations (point mutations, insertions, deletions)
Intermicrobial exchange
• Transformation (Capturing DNA from solution)
• Transduction (Phage-mediated)
• Conjugation (Bacterial Sex)
7
Characteristics of genetic vectors
• must be capable of carrying a significant piece of donor DNA
• must be readily accepted by the host
• plasmids – small, well characterized, easy to manipulate & can be transferred into appropriate host cells through transformation
• bacteriophages – have the natural ability to inject their DNA into bacterial hosts through transduction
Transduction
• Types of transduction– Generalized - Transduction in which potentially
any dornor bacterial gene can be transferred.– Specialized:
Transduction in which only certain donor genes can be transferred.
Transduction
• Definition• Types of transduction• Significance
– Common in Gram+ bacteria– Lysogenic (phage) conversion
• e.g. Corynebacterium diptheriae toxin– Toxin derived from lysogenic phage
Conjugation
• Definition: Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by direct physical contact between cells
• Mating types in bacteria– Donor
• F factor (Fertility factor)– F (sex) pilus
Donor
Recipient
– Recipient• Lacks an F factor
Conjugation
• Significance– Gram - bacteria
• Antibiotic resistance
– Gram + bacteria• Production of adhesive material by donor cells
Plasmids
• Definition: Extrachromosomal genetic elements that are
capable of autonomous replication (replicon)• Episome - a plasmid that can integrate into
the chromosome
Classification of Plasmids• Transfer properties
– Conjugative– Nonconjugative
• Phenotypic effects– Fertility– Bacteriocinogenic plasmid (or encoding some other toxins)
– Resistance plasmid (R factors)
Structure of R Factors
• RTF– Conjugative
plasmid– Transfer genes Tn 9
Tn 2
1
Tn 10
Tn 8
RTF
R determinant
• R determinant– Resistance genes
Transposable Genetic Elements
• Definition: Segments of DNA that are able to move from one location to another (across the genome or from one genome to another)
• Properties– “Random” movement
• Transposase– Transposition may be accompanied by duplication
Types of Transposable Genetic Elements
• Transposons (Tn)/ Insertion elements (IS)– Definition: Elements that carry other genes in
addition to those involved in transposition– Nomenclature - Tn10, IS6110– Structure
• Composite Tns– Importance
• Antibiotic resistance
•Epidemiology and evolutionary studies
IS ISResistance Gene(s)
IS ISResistance Gene(s)