Volume 17(2), 353- 358, 2013 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology

www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro

353

Phenotypic diversity evaluation of bean traits, belonging to some common bean landraces from Caras-Severin Şimonea Luciana, Şumălan R. Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timişoara -Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară a Banatului Timişoara *Corresponding author. Email: simonea_luciana@yahoo.com

Abstract Landraces are still cultivated in regions of crop domestication and diversity. Understanding the diversity of common bean landraces will facilitate their use in genetic improvement. Ex situ conservation of genetic resources has contributed to the improvement of several food crops through utilization of preserved germoplasm. Traits such as seed colour, shape, size and seeds weigth, are important for breeding programs and for the consumers of common bean seeds. Bean seed weight and shape are important traits of different market ban classes. In the work reported here, thirthy common bean landraces were collected in August 2009 from four vilages of Caraş-Severin county. The seed traits analyzed were the 100-seed weight, seed shape, diameter, length, width,and the seeds colour.

Key words common bean, diversity, landraces, evaluation

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; 2n =

2x = 22) are New World crop with worldwide

significance for human nutrition. Bean is a traditional

grain legume cultivated and bred in Romania. The crop

is consumed principally for its dry (mature) beans,

shell beans (seeds at physiological maturity), and green

pods. When consumed as seed, beans constitute an

important source of dietary protein (22% of seed

weight) that complements cereals.(Szilagy Lizica*,

Semun T., Ciuca M., 2011).

Seed quality is defined as a standard of

excellence in certain characters or attributes that will

determine the performance of the seed when sown or

stored.(Adebisi, Moruf Ayodele, 2010).

Common bean seeds are unique foods because

contain complex carbohydrates, vegetable protein,

dietary fibre, oligosaccharides and minerals. (Szilagy

Lizica*, Semun T., Ciuca M., 2011).

The genetic diversity of landraces is thought

to be the economic valuable part of global biodiversity

and is considered of paramount importance for future

world production. Common bean landraces usually

have local names. They have particular properties(early

or late maturing), reputation for adaptation to local

climatic conditions and cultural practices, and

resistance or tolerance to diseases and pests. As a result

of that landraces are thought to show high yield

stability and intermediate yield level under a low input

agricultural system. In order to increase the genetic

diversity available to breeding programmes many

authors started to study landraces.(Stoilova Tsvetelina,

Pereira G., Sousa T., Carnide V., 2005).

Common bean cultivars are products from

multiple domestications in the American Continent.

The primary center of the Central American type is

characterized by cultivars with predominantly the "S"

phaseolin type and smaller seeds (< 25 g/100 seeds).

The other primary center, the Andean, is characterized

by cultivars with the "T" phaseolin type and larger

seeds (> 40 g/100 seeds) (SINGH et al. 1991),(Pereira

T., Coelho C. M.M.1*, Bogo A.1, Guidolin A.,

Miquelluti D.J. 2009).

Materials and Methods

Thirthy common bean landraces were collected in

August 2009 from four vilages of Caraş-Severin

county. The vilages from which colletions were made

are: Goruia, Brebu, Soceni and Cornuţel-Banat. Seed

samples weighing between 250-300g were collected

from individual households in villages. The samples

were put in separate paper bags. Each bag was

provided with a label indicated the source, location,

date, name and number the villages from which they

were collected. For example, all genotyps collected of

house donors, pictures and notes were made about the

treatments aplicated by the villagers if it was the case.

The samples were then brought to the Department of

Plant Physiology from Banat Univercity of

Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of

Timisoara. Here the samples were analized by

visualization establishing the shape and colour, were

made measurmentsns by calliper for lengt, width,

diameter of seeds, and also was established the

weight/100seeds.

354

Results and Discussions Table 1

Caracteristic of landraces from Soceni

Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

Co

lor

Wh

ite

mo

ttle

d b

lack

wh

ite

bro

wn

crea

m

wh

ite

wh

ite

Wh

ite

bla

ck

hil

um

wh

ite

bei

je g

ray

stri

pes

Bei

je g

ray

stri

pes

Sh

ape

ren

ifo

rm

ov

al

ov

al

ov

al

ov

al

ov

al

ov

al

ov

al

ov

al

ren

ifo

rm

Weight

/100

seeds

45,62 27,78 47,86 35,32 33,28 26,58 48,36 38,32 34,48 39,42

Table 2

Caracteristics of landraces from Goruia

Table3

Caracteristics of landraces from Brebu

Name B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

Co

lor

Wh

ite

mo

ttle

d b

lack

wh

ite

wh

ite

wh

ite

Dar

k b

lue

Bei

je

spec

kle

d

bro

wn

bro

wn

Shape oval reniform oval oval oval cylindrical oval

Weight/

100seeds 38,57 38,87 33,53 24,81 40,17 32,85 41,19

Table 4

Caracteristics of landraces from Cornuţel-Banat

Name CB1 CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CB6 CB7

Co

lor

Wh

ite

mo

ttle

d b

lack

bla

ck

wh

ite

wh

ite

bla

ck

bro

wn

bla

ck

Shape oval oval oval oval oval oval oval

Weight/100seeds 44,28 44,98 25,16 18,23 26,36 45,78 48,85

The first observation, was made about the seed color, a

wide range of coat color from white to dark blue, in

addition some of bicolored, spotted and striped types

using a visual inspection.White coat seed populations

are present in all four villages, predominant in Soceni

village, indicating the proeminent role played by

aesthetical preferences of local farmers in the choice of

the own set of local populations. Black, dark blue and

brown coat types, are preferred by local farmers from

Cornuţel Banat..The second description was made

about the shape of the seeds. The population was

grouped into four classes: reniform, cylindrical, oval

Name G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6

Co

lor

Wh

ite

bla

ck

wh

ite

wh

ite

wh

ite

bro

wn

Shape round round round oval oval oval

Weight/100seeds 25,09 36,14 14,66 27,6 32,32 38,67

355

and round. Regarding to the seed weight among the 30

landraces, there were semnificant variations. CB7 had

(48,85g) the highest 100 seed weight, it was closely

followed by S7(48,36g), S3(47,62g), CB6(45,78g),

CB2(44,98g), CB1(44,28g), while entry G3(14,66g)

had the lowest weight, closely followed by

CB4(18,23g). The remaining genotyps weighed betwen

24,81 and 41,19 grams in 100 seed weight. (Tables

1,2,3,4).

Table 5

Large seeds are associated with Andean gene pool whereas small seeds

are associated with Mesoamerican gene pool.

Mesoamerican Center

smaller seeds

(< 25 g/100 seeds)

S2, S4,S5,S6,S8,S9,G1,G3,G4,G5,B3,B4,B6,CB3,CB4,CB5

Andean Center

larger seeds

(> 40 g/100 seeds)

S1,S3,S7,S10,G2,G6,B1,B2,B5,B7,CB1,CB2,CB6,CB7.

The results of measurements on length, width and seeds diameter were statistically analized using F Test.

Table 6

Variance analysis for seed length in in bean landraces studied

Sourse of variation SP GL S2 F Test

Total 1192,46 309

Repetitions 9,85 9 1,09 F = 0,71

Variety 767,45 30 25,58 F = 16,64**

Error 415,16 270 1,54

Table 7

The significance of differences between studied bean landraces concerning seed length

Nr. Landraces

Lenght seed (mm)

Relative

value Distinction

crt.

xsx

%s (%) Semnificaţion

0 1 2 3 4 5

1 Media

exp. 12,75+0,06 1,47 100,00 Control

2 G1 10,10+0,15 4,67 79,24 -2,65000

3 G2 11,40+0,30 8,34 89,44 -1,350

4 G3 7,85+0,13 5,21 61,59 -4,90000

5 G4 11,35+0,83 23,08 89,05 -1,400

6 G5 11,89+0,40 10,72 93,29 -0,86

7 G6 15,07+0,28 5,78 118,24 2,32***

8 S1 14,49+0,23 5,12 113,69 1,74**

9 S2 10,35+0,21 6,56 81,21 -2,40000

10 S3 12,59+0,30 7,49 98,78 -0,16

11 S4 14,17+0,22 4,87 111,18 1,42*

12 S5 13,02+0,35 8,61 102,16 0,27

13 S6 12,27+0,32 8,19 96,27 -0,48

14 S7 13,37+0,53 12,59 104,90 0,62

15 S8 12,39+0,31 7,86 97,21 -0,36

16 S9 12,51+0,95 24,04 98,15 -0,24

17 S10 14,30+0,21 4,67 112,20 1,55**

18 B1 12,69+0,22 5,41 99,57 -0,06

19 B2 13,62+0,43 9,93 106,86 0,87

20 B3 13,54+0,50 11,66 106,23 0,79

21 B4 13,67+0,56 12,93 107,25 0,92

22 B5 13,97+0,24 6,45 109,61 1,22*

23 B6 12,76+0,25 6,28 100,12 0,01

356

0 1 2 3 4 5

24 B7 12,42+0,35 10,38 97,45 -0,33

25 CB1 13,16+0,20 5,30 103,25 0,41

26 CB2 14,22+0,18 4,27 111,57 1,47**

27 CB3 10,55+0,20 7,19 82,78 -2,20000

28 CB4 11,40+0,12 3,99 89,44 -1,350

29 CB5 15,01+0,37 7,75 117,77 2,26***

30 CB6 13,96+0,20 4,46 109,53 1,21*

31 CB7 14,27+0,66 14,58 111,96 1,52**

DL5% = 1,09 mm DL1% = 1,44 mm DL0,1% = 1,84

Considering the results presented in Table 7, it can be

concluded that populations G6 and CB5, present very

significant positive differences compared with the

average. In the other hand, G3, G1, S2, present very

significant differences, according to the control.

Table 8

Variance analysis for seed width in in bean landraces studied

Sourse of

variation

SP GL S2 F Test

Total 250,64 309

Repetitions 2,76 9 0,31 F = 0,64

Variety 117,70 30 3,92 F = 8,14**

Error 130,18 270 0,48

Table 9

The significance of differences between studied bean landraces concerning seed width

Nr.

Landraces

Seed width (mm)

Relative

value Distinction

crt. x

sx %s (%) Semnification

0 1 2 3 4 5

1 Exp.average 5,47+0,03 1,82 100,00 Control

2 G1 5,43+0,15 8,81 99,27 -0,04

3 G2 7,24+0,86 37,53 132,37 1,77***

4 G3 4,64+0,13 8,57 84,83 -0,8300

5 G4 4,91+0,18 11,74 89,77 -0,56

6 G5 5,23+0,35 21,12 95,62 -0,24

7 G6 5,43+0,14 8,01 99,27 -0,04

8 S1 5,08+0,10 6,48 92,88 -0,39

9 S2 4,72+0,12 7,85 86,29 -0,750

10 S3 5,65+0,13 7,29 103,30 0,18

11 S4 5,48+0,14 8,20 100,19 0,01

12 S5 4,75+0,14 9,27 86,84 -0,720

13 S6 5,23+0,12 7,49 95,62 -0,24

14 S7 6,53+0,17 8,42 119,39 1,06***

15 S8 4,62+0,09 6,44 84,47 -0,8500

16 S9 5,15+0,10 6,16 94,16 -0,32

17 S10 5,11+0,08 4,65 93,42 -0,36

18 B1 5,74+0,15 8,01 104,94 0,27

19 B2 5,18+0,12 7,21 94,70 -0,29

20 B3 5,16+0,23 13,92 94,34 -0,31

21 B4 6,67+0,14 6,59 121,95 1,20***

22 B5 5,58+0,38 16,83 102,02 0,11

23 B6 5,57+0,21 11,73 101,83 0,10

357

0 1 2 3 4 5

24 B7 6,22+0,13 5,07 113,72 0,75*

25 CB1 6,19+0,20 7,63 113,17 0,72*

26 CB2 5,90+0,08 3,39 107,87 0,43

27 CB3 5,19+0,22 10,45 94,89 -0,28

28 CB4 4,75+0,16 8,32 86,84 -0,720

29 CB5 5,09+0,12 7,26 93,06 -0,38

30 CB6 5,51+0,16 9,27 100,74 0,04

31 CB7 6,14+0,12 6,43 112,26 0,67*

DL5% = 0,61 mm DL1% = 0,80 mm DL0,1% = 1,03 mm

Regarding to the width of seeds, populations G2,S7

and B4, present the highest values in comparation with

the control. The lowest values were presented in G3,

G4,S2,S8 and CB4 landraces.

Table 10

Variance analysis for seed diameter in in bean landraces studied

Sourse of

variation

SP GL S2 F Test

Total 437,61 309

Repetitions 4,52 9 0,50 F = 0,69

Variety 235,52 30 7,85 F = 10,73**

Error 197,58 270 0,73

Table11

The significance of differences between studied bean landraces concerning seed diameter

Nr.

Landraces

Seed diameter (mm)

Relativ

value Distinction

crt.

xsx

%s (%) Semnificaţions

0 1 2 3 4 5

1 Exp.

average 7,06+0,04 1,80 100,00 Control

2 G1 6,42+0,07 3,66 90,91 -0,64

3 G2 8,40+0,55 20,86 118,95 1,34***

4 G3 5,76+0,18 9,72 81,56 -1,30000

5 G4 5,59+0,14 8,11 79,16 -1,47000

6 G5 7,14+0,31 13,92 101,10 0,08

7 G6 6,90+0,22 10,11 97,71 -0,16

8 S1 7,71+0,15 6,00 109,18 0,65

9 S2 6,26+0,13 6,66 88,64 -0,800

10 S3 7,10+0,23 10,24 100,54 0,04

11 S4 7,19+0,22 9,65 101,81 0,13

12 S5 7,31+0,15 6,53 103,51 0,25

13 S6 5,72+0,09 5,13 81,00 -1,34000

14 S7 9,22+0,81 27,87 130,56 2,16***

15 S8 7,29+0,63 27,48 103,23 0,23

16 S9 6,98+0,10 4,57 98,84 -0,08

17 S10 7,37+0,12 5,32 104,36 0,31

18 B1 7,42+0,13 5,46 105,07 0,36

19 B2 7,30+0,12 5,17 103,37 0,24

20 B3 7,45+0,19 8,21 105,49 0,39

21 B4 7,68+0,41 16,95 108,75 0,62

22 B5 7,10+0,11 4,55 100,54 0,04

23 B6 6,66+0,18 8,73 94,31 -0,40

24 B7 7,00+0,14 5,17 99,12 -0,06

25 CB1 7,80+0,13 4,40 110,45 0,74

26 CB2 8,02+0,27 8,97 113,57 0,96

358

0 1 2 3 4 5

27 CB3 5,84+0,15 7,71 82,70 -1,2200

28 CB4 5,36+0,13 6,82 75,90 -1,70000

29 CB5 6,10+0,15 7,73 86,38 -0,960

30 CB6 7,30+0,11 4,66 103,37 0,24

31 CB7 8,47+0,22 8,14 119,94 1,41***

DL5% = 0,75 mm DL1% = 0,99 mm DL0,1% = 1,27 m

Considering the results presented in Table 9, it can be

concluded that populations G2 and S7, especially CB7

present very significant positive differences compared

with the average. The smallest values were observed in

CB4, CB3, S6, G4 and G3 landraces. S2 and CB5

presents negative significant differences beside the

control.

Conclusions

These results revealed large enough variability

forces that generate variability such as out crossing,

human and environmental selection. The dominant

primary seed colours of the four villages from Caras-

Severin, were white, brown and black. Landraces wich

had higher 100 seed weights included CB7, S7, S3,

CB6, CB2 and CB1, and landraces which had a higher

length seed value, could be used in breeding

programmes to improve seed yield by improving seed

weight. Generally, these genotypes studied could be of

utility to breeders seeking to improve common bean.

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