ch.3 migration
TRANSCRIPT
CH.3 MIGRATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3BQzAaU3LY
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE Type 1: Mobility is most generalized
term that refers to all types of movements
Ex. Journeying each day to work or school Ex. Weekly visits to local shops
Type 2: Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation. Ex. College students moving to college each
fall and returning home each spring
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Migration A permanent move to a new location
constitutes migration. Emigration is migration from a location. Immigration is migration to a location.
Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from and to it.
Emigrant: Place A → Place B Immigrant: Place B → Place A
Difference between the number of immigrants and number emigrants is a place’s net migration.
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DISTANCEMigration can be divided into two
categories.
1. International Migration- permanent move from one country to another
Voluntary-Choice(economic)
Forced-Compelled(Political or Environmental)
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VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
FORCED MIGRATION
EXAMPLE: FORCED MIGRATION
EXAMPLE: FORCED MIGRATION
British relocated many Asian during the colonial period as did the Dutch.
The Chinese migrated for economic opportunities as traders.
Today they make up 14% in Thailand
32% in Malaysia76% in Singapore3% in Indonesia
WHAT COUNTRIES DO PEOPLE EMIGRATE FROM?
World Immigration Patterns
Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants.
Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. Net Out-Migration
Asia, Latin America, and Africa Net In-Migration
North America, Europe, and Oceania
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World Immigration Patterns
U.S. Immigration Patterns
U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually.
Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. 17th-18th : Colonial settlement
19th -20th :Mass European immigration
Late 20th -21st: Asian and Latin American integration
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country
Interregional-Move from one region to another
Current examples: Rural to urban Urban to suburban: lifestyle changes Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: called
counterurbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city
Intraregional migration- within regions Current USA examples:
Movement North to South, and East to West Refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other
parts of the United States Rural to urban areas to find jobs
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MEXICO EXAMPLE International
migration: Into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States.
Internal migration: Migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City.
Where Do People Migrate within a Country?
Interregional Migration Perceived economic improvement typically
compels individuals to make interregional migrations. Historically- enticement of abundant available
land on the American Frontier. Presently- most jobs, especially in services,
are clustered in urban areas.
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EX. Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. “Center of population gravity”
Why Do People Migrate?
TWO FACTORS: Push factors induce
people to move out of their present location.
Pull factors induce people to move into a new location.
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Three major types of push and pull factors
Economic-poverty and a desire for opportunity.
Political-persecution, expulsion, policies, or war.
Environmental-crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine.
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Search for better paying jobs To find new jobs/employment To escape poverty or low standards
of living
Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home to their family members who remain behind.
Most illegal immigrants are Mexicans, but a growing numberAre from Central and South America, like the men waitingOutside of “Bar Honduras”.
A massive dump site in Arizona’s Upper Altar Valley. After walking 40 miles through the desert, illegal immigrants are met here by coyotes. They are told to dump their old clothes & packs and put on more “American” looking clothes the coyotes have brought. They then begin the trip to an urban stash house.
Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country.
Current Example: Syria http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=163
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EX. Reconnecting Cultural Groups•About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.
•After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.
Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive
regions.
Environmental Pull Factors Mountains Seaside Warm Climates
Environmental Push Factors Water: most common environmental threat
Flood Drought
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Environmental Conditions –In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.
E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834—1913)British sociologist
LAWS OF MIGRATION:1. Most migrants go only a short distance.2. Longer distance migration favors big city destinations. In
other words, people will travel farther if they are migrating to a city.
3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step.4. Most migration is rural to urban.5. Each migration flow produces a counter flow.6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make
international moves.7. Most international migrants are young males.
Wilbur Zelinsky
1. Migration trend follow demographic transition stages.
2. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops.
3. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities already in stages 3 and 4.
4. Stage- 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.
Immigration Policies
USA Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of 1910 population Immigration Act of 1965
1978: Global Quotas Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no
more than 7% from each country Major Exceptions: family reunification,
employment, talented, lottery, refugees
Immigration Policies
Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery
Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North Africa Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in
Germany Time-Contract workers: South and East
Asian workers to Southeast Asia
What about refugees?
UN definition A person who has well-founded fear of
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group.
UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide
It is difficult to identify refugees.
UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary migrants before granting asylum.
Three general characteristics: Most refugees move without any more tangible property than
they can carry or transport with them. Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle,
wagon, or open boat. Refugees move without the official documents that accompany
channeled migrations.
EX. Regions of Dislocation
Sub-Saharan Africa Several of the world’s largest
refugee crises plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21st century
-8 million “official” refugees
Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Sudan
Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda
Stories
http://www.ted.com/talks/tan_le_my_immigration_story
http://www.local10.com/news/a-look-at-what-is-prompting-child-migration-from-honduras/27455886
http://www.learner.org/series/powerofplace/page2.html